“…In Africa and Asia, these seeds were also used as a folk medicine to treat some diseases (Sutton et al, 2014). Thymoquinone (TQ, 2-methyl-5-isopropyl-1,4-benzoquinone), one of the functional constituents of the essential oil of Nigella sativa seeds, exhibits various pharmaceutical activities including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective effects (Chehl et al, 2009;Aziz et al, 2011;Forouzanfar et al, 2014;Abdelrazek et al, 2018;Noorbakhsh et al, 2018;Yang et al, 2015). In addition, TQ was reported to be able to inhibit biofilm formation by some pathogenic bacteria including Cronobacter sakazakii (Shi et al, 2017), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Chakraborty et al, 2021), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Guo et al, 2019), and Listeria monocytogenes (Liu et al, 2020).…”