82 Strains, Sprains and Contusions in Icelandic Elite Soccer Players

Árnason, Arnar; Jóhannsson, Erlingur; Guðmundsson, Árni; Dahl, H. A.

doi:10.1249/00005768-199405001-00083

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…While the significantly higher level of injury found in the second half of matches supports the results obtained by Sandelin et al 2 and Arnason et al, 23 others have reported that more injuries occur in the first half of matches. 17 The role of muscle fatigue has previously been discussed and identified as a factor in injury causation, 24 and this could partly explain the greater risk of injury Reinjury 164 22 86 22 11 10 53 28 14 25 New injury 565 76 292 75 98 90 132 71 43 75 Unknown 15 2 13 3 0 0 2 1 0 0 Total* 744 100 391 100 109 100 187 100 57 100 *Percentage totals may be subject to rounding errors associated with individual components.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

A prospective epidemiological study of injuries in four English professional football clubs.

1999

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Objective-To define the causes of injuries to players in English professional football during competition and training. Method-Lost time injuries to professional and youth players were prospectively recorded by physiotherapists at four English League clubs over the period 1994 to 1997. Data recorded included information related to the injury, date and place of occurrence, type of activity, and extrinsic playing factors. Results-In all, 67% of all injuries occurred during competition. The overall injury frequency rate (IFR) was 8.5 injuries/1000 hours, with the IFR during competition (27.7) being significantly (p<0.01) higher than that during training (3.5). The IFRs for youth players were found to increase over the second half of the season, whereas they decreased for professional players. There were no significant diVerences in IFRs for professional and youth players during training. There were significantly (p<0.01) more injuries in competition in the 15 minute periods at the end of each half. Strains (41%), sprains (20%), and contusions (20%) represented the major types of injury. The thigh (23%), ankle (17%), knee (14%), and lower leg (13%) represented the major locations of injury, with significantly (p<0.01) more injuries to the dominant body side. Reinjury accounted for 22% of all injuries. Only 12% of all injuries were caused by a breach of the rules of football, although player to player contact was involved in 41% of all injuries. Conclusions-The overall level of injury to professional footballers has been shown to be around 1000 times higher than for industrial occupations generally regarded as high risk. The high level of muscle strains, in particular, indicates possible weaknesses in fitness training programmes and use of warming up and cooling down procedures by clubs and the need for benchmarking players' levels of fitness and performance. Increasing levels of injury to youth players as a season progresses emphasises the importance of controlling the exposure of young players to high levels of competition. (Br J Sports Med 1999;33:196-203)

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

A prospective epidemiological study of injuries in four English professional football clubs.

1999

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“…While previous studies on flexibility have been limited to studying joint range of motion as the dependent variable the present study offers an alternative method to study chronic and acute changes in skeletal muscle flexibility with respect to muscle strain injury. A recent investigation of soccer players showed that more hamstring strains occurred late during games (Arnison et al 1994). Although it is unclear what caused the observed changes in the present study, perhaps muscular fatigue and subsequent increased muscle stiffness related to high intracellular Ca2+ play a role in the injury mechanism (Byrd et af.…”

Section: Passive Torquementioning

confidence: 51%

“…type, speed of contraction, increased stretch of the passive muscle components and eccentric muscle contraction have been mentioned as important factors in acute muscle strains , Garrett, Jr. et al 1984, Garrett 1990, Taylor et al 1990, Arnison et al 1994). Furthermore, eccentric exercise is a significant contributor to delayed onset of muscle soreness which is 0 1995 Scandinavian Physiological Society associated with skeletal muscle discomfort, pain and 'stiffness' which develops over the ensuing 24-48 h (Armstrong 1984, Ebbeling & Clarkson 1989.…”

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confidence: 99%

Contraction specific changes in passive torque in human skeletal muscle

Magnusson

Simonsen

Aagaard

et al. 1995

Acta Physiologica Scandinavica

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The present investigation examined passive torque and electromyographic response in human skeletal muscle during passive static stretch within 60 s after maximal repetitive eccentric and concentric contractions. Passive torque (Nm) offered by the hamstring muscle group was measured during passive knee extension in a modified dynamometer in 10 subjects. The distal thigh was elevated to 0.52 rad from horizontal and the backrest was positioned at 1.57 rad. The lever arm moved the leg passively at 0.09 rad s-1 from a starting position of 1.48 rad below horizontal to the final position where it remained stationary for 90 s. Gross electrical activity of the human hamstring muscle group was recorded simultaneously. The effect of concentric or eccentric contraction was tested on separate days. Two stretch manoeuvres with a 45 min hiatus were administered on a control and experimental side. The experimental side performed 40 maximal effort repetitive concentric or eccentric hamstring muscle contractions at 1.05 rad s-1 prior to the second stretch. Passive torque during the 90 s stretch declined 30-35% on the experimental and control side in all stretches, P< 0.001, without a significant effect of prior contraction mode. Passive peak and final torques were lower on the experimental side, P < 0.01 after concentric contractions. Passive peak and final torques remained unchanged after eccentric contractions on the experimental side. The low level EMG response of the hamstring muscle during the stretch was unchanged after maximal repetitive concentric or eccentric contractions. These data demonstrate acute contraction specific alteration in passive torque in human skeletal muscle, which cannot be accounted for by EMG activity. Furthermore, the lack of difference on the control side implies that one 90 s stretch has no effect on passive torque of the muscle 45 min later.

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“…Ekstrand and Gillquist 39 reported that many major injuries were preceded by minor injuries; they suggested that this may be due to impairment of timing and neuromuscular coordination. Árnason et al 37 suggested that reinjuries were caused by lack of preventive measures and inadequate rehabilitation. Controlled rehabilitation and strict adherence to directions for resumption of play should therefore be insisted upon.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Football Association Medical Research Programme: an audit of injuries in professional football: an analysis of ankle sprains

Woods

Hawkins²,

Hülse³

et al. 2003

Br J Sports Med

255

190

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Aim: To conduct a detailed analysis of ankle sprains sustained in English professional football over two competitive seasons. Methods: Club medical staff at 91 professional football clubs annotated player injuries. A specific injury audit questionnaire was used together with a weekly form that documented each club's current injury status. Results: Completed injury records for the two competitive seasons were obtained from 87% and 76% of the participating clubs. Ankle ligament sprains accounted for 11% of the total injuries over the two seasons, with over three quarters (77%) of sprains involving the lateral ligament complex. A total of 12 138 days and 2033 matches were missed because of ankle sprains. More sprains were caused by contact mechanisms than non-contact mechanisms (59% v 39%) except in goalkeepers who sustained more non-contact sprains (21% v 79%, p<0.01). Ankle sprains were most often observed during tackles (54%). More ankle sprains were sustained in matches than in training (66% v 33%), with nearly half (48%) observed during the last third of each half of matches. A total of 44% of sprains occurred during the first three months of the season. A high number of players (32%) who sustained ankle sprains were wearing some form of external support. The recurrence rate for ankle sprains was 9% (see methodology for definition of reinjury). Conclusion: Ankle ligament sprains are common in football usually involving the lateral ligament complex. The high rate of occurrence and recurrence indicates that prevention is of paramount importance.

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82 Strains, Sprains and Contusions in Icelandic Elite Soccer Players

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

A prospective epidemiological study of injuries in four English professional football clubs.

A prospective epidemiological study of injuries in four English professional football clubs.

Contraction specific changes in passive torque in human skeletal muscle

The Football Association Medical Research Programme: an audit of injuries in professional football: an analysis of ankle sprains

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