92% start-up time reduction by variation-tolerant chirp injection (CI) and negative resistance booster (NRB) in 39MHz crystal oscillator

Fast start‐up analysis of resonator based oscillators using a power generation method

“…For example, the output impedance, r o is high, for an off‐chip transconductor ( g m ). The resistance R D works as a filter and it is much smaller than R F [7, 23]. If C e = ( C 1 C 2 /( C 1 + C 2 )) is much higher than the parasitic parallel capacitor, C o of a crystal, the oscillation frequency is approximately given by [23] where L is the equivalent inductance of the crystal.…”

“…The proposed analysis approach was validated by designing a crystal oscillator for low power WSN applications. The following design specifications were chosen to closely match [7]: † Oscillation frequency: 39 MHz. † Supply voltage: 1 V. † Start-up time: <2.5 μs.…”

“…The proposed analysis approach was validated by designing a crystal oscillator for low power WSN applications. The following design specifications were chosen to closely match [7]: Oscillation frequency: 39 MHz. Supply voltage: 1 V. Start‐up time: <2.5 μs. Since the oscillation frequency is in the MHz range, the off‐chip, crystal‐based Pierce oscillator was chosen. Since the supply voltage is 1 V, a voltage biased CMOS inverter can be used as the transconductor.…”

“…This start‐up time can be comparable or higher than the actual time of data transmission, thus introducing idle power consumption. Therefore, fast start‐up crystal oscillator architectures, with a low power consumption are in constant demand for IoT applications [7]. All of the above applications suggest the need for a unified design oriented start‐up analysis that is applicable to on‐chip LC oscillators as well as off‐chip crystal based oscillators.…”

Energy efficient design and energy harvesting for energy autonomous systems

“…In contrast, in the stateof-the-art design, many different f CLK 's, V DD 's, and V TH 's are used within a chip and they are dynamically changed to minimize the energy. Such temporal-spatial fine-grained control includes the dynamic voltage scaling [2], the dynamic frequency scaling [3], the power gating, the clock gating, the body biasing, the local gate overdrive [4], and the quick wakeup circuits [5]. converter, logic circuits, SRAM, and RF circuits for the temporal-spatial fine-grained control to minimize the energy.…”