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Levitskii, I. A.

doi:10.1023/a:1012351301045

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…In these glazes, the sparkling effect is due to the difference in the index of refraction between the crystalline and glassy phases. The macroscopic optical effect depends on the size, volume fraction of crystallites, Fe 2 O 3 content and viscosity of melt (Levitskii 2001). References about the aventurine glazes composition can be found today in the literature (Shchglova et al 1996;Dakhai, Orlova, and Mikhailenko 1999;Levitskii 2001;Păcurariu et al 2011;Lazău et al 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The macroscopic optical effect depends on the size, volume fraction of crystallites, Fe 2 O 3 content and viscosity of melt (Levitskii 2001). References about the aventurine glazes composition can be found today in the literature (Shchglova et al 1996;Dakhai, Orlova, and Mikhailenko 1999;Levitskii 2001;Păcurariu et al 2011;Lazău et al 2013). In general, Fe 2 O 3 contents range from 10% to 30% by weight, and there are two groups of glazes, lead and boric, since a molten phase with low viscosity is required for the laminar crystal growth (Bromberg 1915).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Technological implications of neo-formed hematite crystals in ceramic lead glazes

Febo

Molerà

Pradell

et al. 2017

STAR: Science & Technology of Archaeological Research

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Hexagonal neo-formed crystallites have been observed in thin section of different medieval and post-medieval lead-glazed ceramics. Although they are clearly visible in thin section using plane polarized light, their plate shape makes them barely seen on the polished cross sections. Basal sections have never been found on the polished sections and only few transversal very thin sections could be seen. In this case, the morphology resembles acicular and it is not possible to analyze them properly by SEM-EDX because the crystals are very thin and the glaze surrounding is analyzed as well. Micro-Raman microscopy was carried out directly on the polished thin sections. This technique allows specific areas as small as 1 μm in diameter to be analyzed and it is able to characterize inclusions that are not found on the glaze surface. However, the wavenumber features observed cannot be assigned to a specific compound. The thickness of the crystallites (a few hundred nanometers) seems to be responsible for the low sensitivity of the Raman instrumentation. 15 × 15 μm 2 micro-X-ray diffraction patterns using synchrotron radiation (SR-μXRD) in transmission geometry were obtained from the crystals using the same thin section preparation. SR-μXRD was able to localize the crystallites and avoid the overlapping signals corresponding to other mineral phases. In this way, the hexagonal crystallites present in the glaze have been unambiguously identified as hematite crystallites. Finally, some replications were made under laboratory-controlled conditions to determine the firing conditions in the formation of those crystallites. The presence of hematite coexisting with melanotekite indicates a firing temperature <925°C, while the presence of only hematite suggests a firing temperature >925°C ARTICLE HISTORY

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technological implications of neo-formed hematite crystals in ceramic lead glazes

Febo

Molerà

Pradell

et al. 2017

STAR: Science & Technology of Archaeological Research

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“…8.3.1. The aventurine effect "Aventurine glaze" is the generic name for glazes containing macroscopic laminar crystals, which cause a decorative effect of sparkling, i.e., deeper lustre caused by light rays falling on the glaze surface, which resembles the effect of the natural mineral aventurine [163]). In these glazes, the sparkling effect is due to the difference in the light-reflection coefficients between the crystalline and glassy phases and depends on the size, shape, quantity, and arrangement of crystals and on the observation angle [164,165].…”

Section: Glazes Showing Aesthetic Superficial Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Without doubt, Fe 2 O 3 is the most reported oxide in the literature as effective generator of aventurine glazes. Levitskii [163], in a study to determine the conditions for obtaining aventurine effects in glaze coatings based on synthesised glasses, pointed out that the use of glassiron oxide mixtures as the basis for aventurine glaze is more efficient than iron-bearing glasses, which have a lower crystallisation ability. For this reason, in most cases, Fe 2 O 3 is mixed with a frit to result in the glaze.…”

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confidence: 99%

Glass–ceramic glazes for ceramic tiles: a review

2011

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Glass-ceramics are ceramic materials produced through controlled crystallisation (nucleation and crystal growth) of a parent glass. The great variety of compositions and the possibility of developing special microstructures with specific technological properties have allowed glassceramic materials to be used in a wide range of applications. One field for which glass-ceramics have been developed over the past two decades is that of glazes for ceramic tiles. Ceramic tiles are the most common building material for floor and wall coverings in Mediterranean countries. Glazed tiles are produced from frits (glasses quenched in water) applied on the surface of green tiles and subjected to a firing process. In the 1990s, there was growing interest in the development of frits that are able to crystallise on firing because of the need for improvement in the mechanical and chemical properties of glazed tiles. This review offers an extensive evaluation of the research carried out on glass-ceramic glazes used for covering and pavement ceramic tile is accomplished. The main crystalline phases (silicates and oxides) developed in glass-ceramic glazes have been considered. In addition, a section focused on glazes with specific functionality (photocatalytic, antibacterial and antifungal activity, or aesthetic superficial effects) is also included.

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“…Thus, many Crimean Tatars charged with treason were jailed and exiled to the guberniias of Kursk, Yekaterinoslav, Kherson, Poltava, and Orel. 28 Several Crimean Tatar mirzas (noblemen) were also arrested and exiled on the same charges. 29 On the pretext of preventing them from falling into the hands of the enemy, the cattle of the Crimean Tatars living in the vicinity of the seashore were driven off to the interior of the peninsula.…”

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confidence: 99%

Emigrations from the Crimea to the Ottoman Empire during the Crimean War

Kirimli¹

2008

Middle Eastern Studies

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Throughout the fifteenth-eighteenth centuries, the Crimean Khanate (supported by its close ally, if not suzerain, the Ottoman Empire) constituted one of the major powers of East European politics. The territory of the khanate comprised, in addition to the Crimean peninsula itself, the vast steppes north of the Black Sea, extending from Besarabia to the North Caucasus. In that, its location ensured the 'Ottomanness' of the Black Sea and, playing the role of an effective bulwark, blocked the southward drive of the Russian Empire. Therefore, not surprisingly, the expansionist schemes in the Russian Empire in the eighteenth century, if not earlier, considered the obliteration of the Crimean Khanate and the acquisition of its territories indispensable. Such was the famous, or rather infamous, 'Greek Project' of Catherinian times which aimed at the establishment of Russian domination over the Black Sea and the foundation of a Russian-led 'Greek' empire centred in Constantinople. 1 Among other considerations, the Crimean peninsula was an ideal stepping stone for further expansionist designs involving the eventual conquest of Constantinople, or Tsargrad, as it was called by many Slavs. The obvious strategic, military and economic importance and potential of the Crimea, along with its exotic beauties, led many a tsarist statesman to dream of the Russification of the peninsula and its hinterland. Thus, when, after some 15 years of war and bloody unrest, the Russian Empire finally dissolved the Crimean Khanate and annexed its territories, resolute measures were taken by the tsarist government to this effect. From the very beginning of Russian rule in the Crimea in 1783, there was a determined effort on the part of the tsarist state to colonize the peninsula with Russian/Slavic (or at least Christian settlers), an enterprise during which the Crimean Tatars, the native people of the Crimea, were seen as superfluous, to say the least. The centuries-long political and military enmity between Russia and the Crimea was by no means forgotten. In fact, during the first 70 years of Russian rule in the Crimea preceding the Crimean War, at times, a considerable deal of oppression was meted out to the Crimean Tatars. The latter essentially became second class subjects in virtually all aspects of social and economic life in the peninsula. Therefore, the Russian annexation of the Crimea in 1783 signalled more than the loss of their age-old independence for the Crimean Tatars; it was also the beginning of a long and continuous process of their emigration to the Ottoman Empire, the land of their religious and ethnic kinsmen, in response to the tsarist policies and

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Cited by 8 publications

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Technological implications of neo-formed hematite crystals in ceramic lead glazes

Technological implications of neo-formed hematite crystals in ceramic lead glazes

Glass–ceramic glazes for ceramic tiles: a review

Emigrations from the Crimea to the Ottoman Empire during the Crimean War

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