“…All economic data used in this study were sourced from the World Development Indicators published by the World Bank. The model used in this study was based on Lean & Smyth (2010), Sebri & Ben-Salha (2014), Farhani, Chaibi, & Rault, 2014), and Rasiah, Guptan, & Habibullah (2018), the empirical long-run relation between carbon emissions, real GDPC, energy use, TO, and FD is written in the following form: and with the GMM procedure, it is estimated the following carbon emissions model equation:…”