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Mitochondrial DNA and the origins of the domestic horse

“…Visual inspection of the resulting network revealed two nonparsimoniously postulated mutations at np15,737 (misplacing samples JIS173 and VEC16), which we reverted manually. Rooting was performed by using equid outgroups (7). The age ( statistic) and its standard deviation of phylogenetic clusters were calculated with NET-WORK 3.111 as published (16,17).…”

“…1. The mutation rate was assessed by combining revised palaeontological interpretations (6) with recently published equid mtDNA sequences (7). The number of wild mares contributing their mtDNA to the domestic horse was determined as a minimum estimate, based on the mtDNA mutation rate.…”

The equids represented in cave art and current horses: a proposal to determine morphological differences and similarities

“…The differences between these three species of equids have been checked genetically (Gaunitz et al 2018). The Asiatic ass is a different species and the two horses studied are considered as two species because they have a different number of chromosomes in their genetic codes (66 chromosomes of Pzrewalski versus 64 domestic horse; Oakenfull et al 2000;Levine 2006;Kavar & Dovč 2008) and behavioural differences (Sarkissian et al 2015). These results confirm that the length of the ears and tail and the proportion between the length of the face and the width of belly are variables and indexes that could be used to distinguish equid species, donkeys and horses.…”

“…The authors of some papers have studied the shape of these horse paintings in an attempt to understand the realism of the motifs (Halverson 1992;Cheyne 1993;Hodgson 2003), some using image analysis to study equid depiction (Pigeaud 2002(Pigeaud , 2007Cheyne et al 2009). In this case our main objective is test a mathematics method to study the anatomical features of the ancient equids painted and carved in the caves of southwest Europe in relation to the three present-day equine species, which are described by the Interagency Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), most closely to ancient horses (Oakenfull et al 2000;Eisenmann 2006;Levine 2006;Kavar & Dovč 2008;Outram et al 2009;Eisenmann 2010;Orlando 2015). Although it is probably that these horses could be subspecies, in our work we have maintained the classification proposed by the ITIS, that also is based in the differences in the number of chromosomes (Oakenfull et al 2000;Levine 2006;Kavar & Dovč 2008) and the differences in the phenotypic characteristics.…”

Походження Та Доместикація Коня У Дослідженнях З Молекулярної Біології.

“…[1; 3; 5; 9; 10; 8] з опублікованими у 2000 р. послідовностями мтДНК equid (1 млн р.) [34]; як результат було вирахувано максимальну частоту мутацій на 7 Мутація -стійке перетворення генотипу, що відбувається під впливом зовнішнього та внутрішнього середовища. 8 Клада -група двох або більше таксонів або послідовностей ДНК, яка включає як свого спільного пращура, так і його нащадків.…”