“…Perhaps having an operational understanding is sufficient for performance on simple equations, but the lack of a relational understanding becomes more problematic when students face more complex equations. Results from this study suggest that any classroom time devoted to improving students' conceptual understanding of the equals sign is likely well spent; fortunately, a variety of tools, materials, and instructional suggestions are already available for this purpose, including utilizing a balance scale (Vlassis, 2002) or introducing arithmetic sentences that are in unconventional forms, such as 7 = 2 + 5, etc. (McNeil, Fyfe, Petersen, Dunwiddie, & Brletic-Shipley, 2011).…”