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KOTANI, Kentaro; HIRATO, Yuji; Asao, Takafumi; HORII, Ken; Ishigaki, Taisuke; Toda, Keiichi; Baba, Yasuyuki

doi:10.5100/jje.45.242

Cited by 1 publication

(6 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The muscular activity findings are not conclusive, but it can be observed a pattern of higher activity in SWW of lower limb in the studies that compared the same speed (48, 67) and self-selected speed (40,53,54) of walking in water and in dry land, what could be related to the necessity of overcome the DrF resistance in order to move the limb during gait cycle. The only study that reported a pattern of muscular activity reduction in water was of Masumoto et al (49), but this study compared the SWW at half of the speed of the DLW at treadmill.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…The only study that reported a pattern of muscular activity reduction in water was of Masumoto et al (49), but this study compared the SWW at half of the speed of the DLW at treadmill. Despite other studies compared self-selected speed between water and dry landexpected to be lower in water -, they analyzed shallow water walking on the pool floor, and not on an underwater treadmill (3,4,38,40,53,54). The underwater treadmill condition can be a source of influence on the neuromuscular activation during walking, due to the reduced body center of mass horizontal displacement in comparison to the pool floor walking, that can reduce the force production demand from the neuromuscular system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The methodological quality results are in Table 2. One study (31) was classified with low quality, seven (23,38,40,42,49,54,66)…”

Section: Methodological Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…About water temperature, nine studies (3,4,10,17,31,36,42,54,62) did not report water temperature, two reported the range 30 to 31º C (23,44) and one study reported 25.0 to 27.2 ºC (73). For the other 28 studies (2, 6, 11, 15, 16, 20, 24, 26-28, 30, 37-40, 46-49, 51-53, 56, 61, 65-67, 70) the mean temperature was 30.5 ± 2.2º C, with a minimum of 16.7º C (40) and a maximum of 35.8º C (30).…”

Section: Characteristics Of Included Studiesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…All 10 studies (3,4,38,40,48,49,51,53,54,67) The comparisons of muscular activity behavior are between shallow water walking in relation to dry land walking. .BF: biceps femoris; 557 GL: gastrocnemius lateralis; GlMax: gluteus maximus; GlMed: gluteus medius; GM: gastrocnemius medialis; Psp: paraspinal; RA: rectus 558 abdominis; RF: rectus femoris; SOL: soleus; SSS: comfortable self-selected speed; TA: tibialis anterior; TFL: tensor fasciae latae; VL:…”

Section: Muscular Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantifying the acute responses of shallow-water immersion on walking physiology and biomechanics: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Ivaniski-Mello¹,

Casal²,

Costa³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Shallow water walking (SWW) generates changes in cardiorespiratory parameters in comparison to terrestrial exercise, and these changes are highly dependent of immersion depth. We reviewed the evidence from observational studies focusing on physiological and biomechanical responses of SWW in comparison to dry land walking. This systematic review and meta-analysis (initial search: 1516 studies; systematic review: 40 studies; meta-analysis: 22 studies) presents evidence that higher energy expenditure, heart rate and rating of perceived exertion are accompanied by depth-dependent reductions in self-selected speed and stride length in SWW compared with dry land. The stride frequency, however, was similar at waist and reduced at xiphoid depth. As expected, the ground reaction forces were reduced according to the buoyance forces acting. SWW appears to increases muscular activity. Importantly, the depth-related increase in energy expenditure of SWW seems to involve a major role of resistive forces compensating the reduced task of support the body weight. Besides the benefits of water immersion as reduced joint impact and safety, biomechanical alterations on force production may produce additional long-term gains in functional mobility. However, the influence of these physiological and biomechanical alterations on functional mobility are largely unknown. Due to these inconclusive points, there is a huge opportunity to determine (1) the alterations on muscle activation in different depths in order to explain the higher energy expenditure at organismal level, and (2) whether these alterations can maximize gains in metabolic economy and gait biomechanics after long-term SWW intervention. PROSPERO registration protocol: CRD42018113040.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The methodological quality results are in Table 2. One study (31) was classified with low quality, seven (23,38,40,42,49,54,66)…”

Section: Methodological Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Characteristics Of Included Studiesmentioning

confidence: 98%