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The joint properties of copper by friction stir welding

“…FSW of Al alloy has been relatively well established in these days since it was invented by TWI at 1991 [2 -6]. The application of FSW Al alloy have been reported in many industrial sector especially in transportation, for example, ship panels [7], the frame of high speed railway [8] and the suspension arm of car. Although several trials of the FSW materials such as titanium [9], magnesium alloy [10], mild steel [11] and copper [12,13] have been reported, the industrial application of FSW joints are limited to aluminum alloys.…”

Distribution of tensile property and microstructure in friction stir weld of 6063 aluminum

“…The hardness profiles depended mainly structures, e.g., the external fuel tank of rockets, [5] rolling on the precipitate distributions in the weld. The softening stock of railways, [6] high speed vessels, [7] and aluminum was characterized by dissolution and growth of strengthenbridges. [8] ing needle-shaped precipitates.…”

High strength and ductility of friction-stir-welded steel joints due to mechanically stabilized metastable austenite

“…Because the maximum temperature of FSW does not reach the melting point of the material, joints produced using FSW exhibit material properties that are superior to those of the base metal. Therefore, FSW has recently been used for a wide variety of low-melting-point materials such as Al, Mg, and Cu alloys [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Application of FSW to various steels has become possible through the development of appropriate tools and because of various studies to determine the appropriate welding conditions for various steels [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22].…”