A 1.5 V 28 GHz Beam Steering SiGe PLL for an 81-86 GHz E-Band Transmitter

Tired, Tobias; Wernehag, Johan; Ahmad, Waqas; Din, Imad ud; Sandrup, Per; Törmänen, Markus; Sjöland, Henrik

doi:10.1109/lmwc.2016.2605452

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…1, a 28 GHz QVCO [7][8][9] is used to generate the 84 GHz TX carrier in two steps [10]. A direct conversion architecture, with a QVCO operating at the 84 GHz carrier frequency, is not preferred due to stringent requirements on I/Q phase error for higher order QAM modulation [17][18][19][20].…”

Section: Transmitter Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Instead, in this work, a 28 GHz I/Q mixer first up-converts the baseband signal. The 84 GHz TX signal is then generated by mixing with the 56 GHz differential second harmonic inherently present at the emitters of the cross coupled QVCO transistors [7][8][9][10], thereby eliminating the need for current-consuming frequency doubler circuit blocks.…”

Section: Transmitter Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…LO-buffers are therefore placed before both the 28 and 56 GHz mixers to secure a sufficient LO level. In [8,9] the 28 GHz QVCO was locked to an external 1.75 GHz reference signal in a PLL. A buffer was then used to isolate the QVCO from the PLL divider.…”

Section: Transmitter Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For symmetry reasons, two buffers are therefore connected to the I-and Q-output, respectively, of the QVCO. In [8,9], beam steering was also implemented by DC current injection into the load of a Gilbert type phase detector [31] of the PLL [10].…”

Section: Transmitter Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The upconversion is based on an on-chip 28 GHz QVCO [7][8][9], which creates four LO phases for an I/Q upconversion mixer for the baseband signal. In a second mixing stage, the 56 GHz second harmonic, present at the emitter nodes of the QVCO core devices, upconverts the 28 GHz signal to 84 GHz [7][8][9][10]. Using a single supply voltage of only 1.5 V for the entire transmitter eliminates the need of a dedicated voltage regulator, since, the supply can then be shared between the transmitter and the digital control circuits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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System simulations of a 1.5 V SiGe 81–86 GHz E-band transmitter

Tired

Sandrup

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et al. 2016

Analog Integr Circ Sig Process

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This paper presents simulation results for a sliding-IF SiGe E-band transmitter circuit for the 81-86 GHz E-band. The circuit was designed in a SiGe process with f T = 200 GHz and uses a supply of 1.5 V. The low supply voltage eliminates the need for a dedicated transmitter voltage regulator. The carrier generation is based on a 28 GHz quadrature voltage oscillator (QVCO). Upconversion to 84 GHz is performed by first mixing with the QVCO signals, converting the signal from baseband to 28 GHz, and then mixing it with the 56 GHz QVCO second harmonic, present at the emitter nodes of the QVCO core devices. The second mixer is connected to a threestage power amplifier utilizing capacitive cross-coupling to increase the gain, providing a saturated output power of ?14 dBm with a 1 dB output compression point of ?11 dBm. E-band radio links using higher order modulation, e.g. 64 QAM, are sensitive to I/Q phase errors. The presented design is based on a 28 GHz QVCO, the lower frequency reducing the phase error due to mismatch in active and passive devices. The I/Q mismatch can be further reduced by adjusting varactors connected to each QVCO output. The analog performance of the transmitter is based on ADS Momentum models of all inductors and transformers, and layout parasitic extracted views of the active parts. For the simulations with a 16 QAM modulated baseband input signal, however, the Momentum models were replaced with lumped equivalent models to ease simulator convergence. Constellation diagrams and error vector magnitude (EVM) were calculated in MATLAB using data from transient simulations. The EVM dependency on QVCO phase noise, I/Q imbalance and PA compression has been analyzed. For an average output power of 7.5 dBm, the design achieves 7.2% EVM for a 16 QAM signal with 1 GHz bandwidth. The current consumption of the transmitter, including the PA, equals 131 mA from a 1.5 V supply.

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