A 100-kW 1300-MHz Magnetron With Amplitude and Phase Control for Accelerators

Read, Michael; Ives, R. Lawrence; Bui, Thuc; Collins, George; Marsden, David; Chase, Brian; Reid, J.; Walker, Chris; Conant, Jeff

doi:10.1109/tps.2019.2932264

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Other RF power supplies, offering some desirable advantages such as increased uptime and decreased maintenance costs, like inductive output tubes (IOTs) and solid-state RF power sources, have not seen as much developmental work owing to higher installed costs in the range of USD$5–15 per watt. A 2.45 GHz 1.2 kW CW magnetron and a 1.3 GHz 100 kW peak, 10 kW average power magnetron both recently demonstrated efficiencies above the target of 80%. However, these are just proof of principle validations and need to be developed for high powers in the range of 1 MW before capital costs can be estimated.…”

Section: Feasibility and Limitations Of E-beam Technology For Water T...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Evaluation of Electron Beam Treatment of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Water: A Critical Review

et al. 2021

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Due to their recalcitrant nature and ubiquitous use, per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) will continue to be major water treatment hurdles. Although effective water treatment technologies exist for physical removal of many PFAS from water (e.g., activated carbon and ion-exchange resin), a PFAS-concentrated waste stream is generated as an end product that can potentially reintroduce PFAS back into the environment. Thus, there is an increased interest in developing destructive technologies to decompose and mineralize PFAS directly in water or in these waste streams. High energy electron beam (e-beam) accelerators have been used for water treatment to degrade a wide range of recalcitrant contaminants, including PFAS, since the 1960s. However, large-scale applications of e-beam for water treatment are restricted due to its high energy consumption and inability to treat large flow rates. Considering there are very few available technologies for destructive removal of PFAS, this study provides a critical review on the treatment of PFAS by direct irradiation of contaminated water by e-beam from an energy consumption point of view. To date, very limited studies have been conducted to investigate the success of this technology to treat PFAS. Results from the limited studies were not directly comparable due to the variation in operating conditions and water quality parameters used in the studies. Here, for the first time, we develop and apply the concept of electrical energy per order (EE/O) to assess the performance of e-beam for PFAS treatment. Results show that EE/O is a better performance parameter than the G value of e-beam for interstudy comparisons and to evaluate the effects of water quality and operating parameters on e-beam performance. We additionally developed a kinetic scheme to predict the performance of e-beam to treat PFAS and revealed that the competition between species to react with aqueous electrons is the determinant factor influencing PFAS degradation efficiency. Comparison of EE/O values of e-beam (range: 31−176 kWh m −3 order −1 ) with other destructive technologies (range: 5−9595 kWh m −3 order −1 ) suggest that e-beam, for PFAS treatment, is a promising approach under favorable conditions. This review further elucidates the feasibility and limitations of e-beam technology that could be improved upon to potentially make e-beam viable for large-scale water treatment applications.

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Section: Feasibility and Limitations Of E-beam Technology For Water T...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Evaluation of Electron Beam Treatment of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Water: A Critical Review

et al. 2021

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“…While phase locking of magnetrons is well established, amplitude control on a fast time scale is required for many accelerator applications. Calabazas Creek Research, Inc. (CCR), Fermilab, and Communications & Power Industries, LLC (CPI) developed a 1.3 GHz, magnetron-based, RF system for these accelerator applications [8,11].…”

Section: Phase and Amplitude Controlled Magnetronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the development of better performing magnetrons themselves, further work on complete RF systems is needed. As noted in reference [8], a 100-kW system has been assembled and operated at full power but at a low duty factor. Appropriate funding and focus is needed to better characterize this or similar systems.…”

Section: System Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, magnetron sources suitable for HEP are not yet ready. Active feedback control of magnetrons is available to adjust the phase and amplitude [8] based on beam loading, but a number of parameters, such as magnetron performance, unit-to-unit central frequency, mean lifetime, and various supporting power supplies and control electronics need to be improved to meet HEP reliability needs. Other potential high-efficiency RF sources require development to meet the needs for future HEP use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High efficiency, low cost, RF sources for accelerators and colliders

et al. 2023

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Accelerators for High Energy Physics (HEP) are large users of energy, much of it in the form of radiofrequency (RF) power to accelerate particles to very high energies. Proposed HEP projects will require even larger amounts of RF energy. Increasing concerns of the cost and availability of energy will require the HEP community to use energy as efficeintly as possible. Successful transfer of HEP technology to the public and private sectors will be most effective if it is highly efficient. Historically, the HEP community has utilized available RF power sources, mainly in the form of vacuum tube technology, much of which was developed during the cold war or is otherwized used in the private sector. The private sector is moving to solid-state RF sources which do not exibit the electrical efficiency that is needed for future HEP projects. Here, we summarize the state of the development of a number of RF sources that promise efficeincies of 80% and above. We also outline future efforts that are needed to fully realize the potential of these sources.

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