A 134-pixel CMOS sensor for combined time-of-flight and Optical Triangulation 3-D imaging

Sgrott, Oreste; Mosconi, Daniel; Saiani, Massimo; Stoppa, David; Pedretti, Gianmaria; Perenzoni, Matteo; Gonzo, L.

doi:10.1109/esscirc.2009.5325938

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Precision is lost at ranges typically longer than tens of cm, and TOF-based distance measurement can be used in this case. A combined optical triangulation and optical TOF measurement architecture has been implemented in [31]. This multi-mode implementation increases the effective range of accurate localization from 40 cm to 5 m. The accuracy of the OT mode can be further improved by enhanced algorithms for finding the reflected laser spot on the receiver's pixel array and by compensating for the background illumination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent 134-pixel CMOS sensor is described in [31] with a dual-mode architecture for optical triangulation or TOF. For short ranges, 0.4 m to 1.0 m, optical triangulation is used to measure the distance, with a precision of 2 mm to 9 mm.…”

Section: ) Ultrasound Methods Tof Directmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Triangulation using TOF or AOA derived distances is used in all cases and the scale of the unknown node is also typically in the millimeter range [124], which includes smart dust nodes [123]. Theoretical analysis and experimental results from [31], [124], and [120] indicate that AOA-based optical triangulation has the highest precision at shorter distances, while TOF maintains highest precision at longer distances as shown by [31], [98], [83], and [105]. Optical triangulation (active or passive) and image processing based algorithms for localization [122] continue to deliver the most accurate results in the sub-millimeter to several centimeters range.…”

Section: Power and Accuracy Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review and Comparison of Spatial Localization Methods for Low-Power Wireless Sensor Networks

Iliev

Paprotny

2015

IEEE Sensors J.

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Spatial localization (co-location) of nodes in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is an active area of research, with many applications in sensing from distributed systems such as micro-aerial vehicles, smart dust sensors, and mobile robotics. This paper provides a comprehensive review and comparison of recent implementations (commercial and academic) of physical measurement techniques used in sensor localization, and of the localization algorithms that apply these measurement techniques. Physical methods for measuring distances and angles between WSN nodes are reviewed, followed by a comprehensive comparison of localization accuracy, applicable ranges, node dimensions, and power consumption of the different implementations. A summary of advantages and disadvantages of each measurement technique is provided along with a comparison of co-localization methods in WSNs across multiple algorithms and distance ranges. A discussion of possible improvements to accuracy, range, and power consumption of selected self-localization methods is included in the concluding discussion. Although the preferred implementation depends on the application, required accuracy, and range, passive optical triangulation is reported as the most energy efficient localization method for low-cost/low-power miniature sensor nodes. It is capable of providing micron-level resolution, however the applicable range (inter-node distance) is limited to single centimeters.1530-437X (c) 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/JSEN.2015.2450742, IEEE Sensors Journal SUBMITTED TO THE IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2 on 2.4 GHz radios are: Nordic Semiconductor nRF24L01 transceiver [16] with consumed power from 345 µW to 2.4 mW depending on the refresh rate of the location task, ZigBee Texas Instruments SoC CC2430 radio transceiver [12] with 10 mW to 40 mW consumption depending on implementation, RF Telosb transceivers [17] with consumption from 35 mW to 41 mW depending on the activity profile, and finally on custom radios for IEEE 802.15.4 build from digital ASIC standard cells technology [18] with power consumption of 15.6 mW at 0 dB output power. The communication system is used by a sensor node to perform its message-based self-localization task as well as for broadcasting the basic data collected by the sensor. Communication systems based on ultrasound waves have not been attempted due to the directional dependence of acoustic signals and their dependence on air temperature and humidity. Optical communication between sensors in WSN has been implemented recently using low-power laser diode emitters and detectors [19], modulating Corner-Cube Reflectors (CCR) [20], MEMS CCR arrays [21], MEMS steering mirors (gold coated, refl...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ) Ultrasound Methods Tof Directmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Power and Accuracy Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review and Comparison of Spatial Localization Methods for Low-Power Wireless Sensor Networks

Iliev

Paprotny

2015

IEEE Sensors J.

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“…Winner-Take-All (WTA) circuits are one of the most important building blocks in analog parallel signal processing systems, such as spatial acquisition and tracking, sound localization, image processing, and neuromorphic systems [1,3,4,7,8,10,18]. The main function of a WTA is to select the highest input signal among multiple inputs, so 2-input WTAs can also be used as half-wave and full-wave rectifiers [11,12,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current-Mode Winner-Take-All Circuit with Improved Dynamic Response

Moro-Frías

Ventura-Arizmendi

Sanz-Pascual

et al. 2014

Circuits Syst Signal Process

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A novel current-mode Winner-Take-All (WTA) topology is presented in this paper. The dynamic response of the circuit is improved by lowering the voltage swing required at the input nodes to turn on the winning cell. The WTA was designed and fabricated in 0.13 µm CMOS technology with 2.5 V single supply voltage. Experimental results show an at least 26 % reduction in response time, as well as a reduction in the maximum output current error, when compared to other widely used current-mode topologies, with comparable bandwidth, area, and power consumption. The area of the proposed circuit is 47 × 41 µm 2 and it consumes 87 µW per unit cell. The measured maximum output current error was 4.8 µA, and a resolution of 1.85 µA was obtained. The capability of the WTA to rectify signals was also experimentally demonstrated.

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