A 2.4 GHz CMOS transceiver for Bluetooth

Effects of package and process variation on 2.4GHz analog integrated circuits

“…oscillation frequency in the range 2400-2480 MHz should be controlled with a voltage gain K < 140 MHz/V and the phase noise at 3 MHz offset should not be greater than À120 dBc/Hz. The VCO utilizes the most popular topology of a across-coupled differential pair that provides wide tuning range and minimizes the phase noise [5][6][7][8]. The differential pair is composed of SiGe npn transistors and an on-chip resonator that consists of an inductor L and a voltagedependent capacitance (an nmos transistor in diode configuration) which is divided into two parts-first C c is used for coarse tuning of the oscillation frequency and the second part C t for fine tuning (Fig.…”

The self-calibration method of IR mixer with low IF

“…Therefore compensation of their effects on circuit parameters and/or operation is necessary, and correction circuits integrated with the receiver are used for that purpose. Usually a special RC calibration circuit with an external reference [1,2] is applied. Sometimes a special calibration feedback loop may be applied [3].…”

“…In the high-IF systems the image signal is far from the useful signal on the frequency scale and therefore it can be filtered out by an input bandpass filter. The low IF (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) receivers are widely used because of easy integration of the IF filters. However, in these solutions one has to solve the problem of image signal suppression, which in this case is located close to useful signal, and it cannot be filtered out by an input high frequency filter.…”

“…Therefore circuits that provide enough suppression of the image signals are usually applied in the receivers. The first solution is to use a complex or poly phase filters [1,[4][5][6][7] in the receiver path after mixers. The measured values of IRR (Image Rejection Ratio) from 28 [6] up to 45 dB [5] have been reported.…”

Optimum bias of power transistor in 0.18μm CMOS technology for Bluetooth application

“…The rapid evolution of advanced digital signal processing (DSP) and RF communications has evolved from traditional radio and television broadcasting to a broad spectrum of exciting applications, such as cellular systems, smart handheld devices, wireless LANs [2], Bluetooth [3], home RF, global positioning system (GPS), and broadband satellite solutions. These applications for communication of voice, data, and video anywhere at any time rely on advances in semiconductor IC technologies to provide integrated solutions at affordable cost.…”