A 21st-Century Perspective on Calcium Carbonate Formation in Potable Water Systems

RichardsColin, S; WangFei,; Becker, William C.; EdwardsMarc, A

doi:10.1089/ees.2017.0115

Cited by 28 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 97 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Water softeners will typically reduce hardness to below 10 mg/l. However, they replace the calcium and magnesium metals with sodium which is undesirable for low salt intake diets [102][103][104]. Water softener companies often discuss hardness in 'Grains per Gallon' instead of the standard units mg/l.…”

Section: Physical Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Detailed Hydrogeological and Hydrochemical Reassessment of Coastal Basins of Southwestern Nigeria

2021

Geol Earth Mar Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

prolonged residence time in the aquifer and saltwater intrusion account for the variability of hydrochemistry of groundwater in coastal aquifers [1,[11][12][13][14]. The hydrochemistry of coastal aquifers of southwestern Nigeria is highly variable due to variation in geological configurations and human activities. Groundwater contamination stemming from human activities, and inadequate sewage discharge is on the rise in Nigeria [15][16][17]. Consequently, groundwater utilized for domestic uses is problematic and hence calls for scientific scrutiny. Examining hydrochemistry and groundwater quality in coastal regions is crucial to monitor and detect groundwater contaminants sources [18][19][20][21]. Groundwater quality analysis in Abeokuta South, Nigeria by Emenike, Nnaji [17] showed that water quality parameters exhibited wide variations from location to location. Sodium, magnesium, iron (++), and EC showed the most violation of drinking water quality standards. Anthropogenetic actions are escalating threat to groundwater quality and thus call for routine monitoring of groundwater in Abeokuta. Statistical and hydrochemical modelling of groundwater quality southwestern Nigeria showed a conjunctive imprint of anthropogenic and geogenic activities influencing the increasing dissolved chemical constituents in the groundwaters

show abstract

Section: Physical Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Detailed Hydrogeological and Hydrochemical Reassessment of Coastal Basins of Southwestern Nigeria

2021

Geol Earth Mar Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…While calcium carbonate is traditionally studied for its perceived role in corrosion control (Lytle and Snoeyink, 2002 ; Sarin et al , 2004 ), issues with calcium carbonate precipitation in premise plumbing systems are becoming an increasing concern. Scaling in potable water systems is a serious problem affecting both traditional tank water heaters (gas and electric), especially “green” tank-less (on-demand) water heaters (Richards et al , 2016 ). Scaling problems can reduce energy efficiency, recovery times, bacterial regrowth potential, and the lifetime of water heaters, and it is an important emerging concern in design of building water systems at the cutting edge of the energy–water–public health nexus (Brazeau and Edwards, 2011 ; Fox and Abbaszadegan, 2013 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Standardized Test Protocol for Evaluation of Scale Reduction Technologies

Devine

Wang

Edwards

2021

Environmental Engineering Science

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Precipitation of calcium carbonate (i.e., scaling) can occur in both traditional tank (electric and gas) and “green” tankless hot water systems that have implications for public health, water and energy sustainability, infrastructure damage, and consumer esthetics. There are many scale reduction devices and technologies that aim to reduce or eliminate such problems, and several standardized methods have been proposed to research their performance with scientific rigor. All of the existing approaches were inherently nonreproducible or could not quantify important aspects of scale deposition, including quantity, location, and deposit durability. Here we develop and vet a Standardized Scaling Test Protocol that overcomes many of these deficiencies, using a laboratory-scale model premise plumbing system and a synthesized synthetic scaling water that could be reproduced in any laboratory. This approach produced 25.1 g of calcium carbonate scaling (95% confidence interval of 20.3–29.8 g, n = 3) in ∼5 days. Illustrative scale reduction for a range of representative technologies, including cation exchange, electrochemical deionization, magnetism, electric field generator, media-induced precipitation, phosphate sacrificial media, and citric acid sacrificial media, ranged from 0% to 100% using the standardized protocol. The general approach was also applied to suitable local natural water with high scaling potential, and similar capabilities were observed.

show abstract

“…These properties are of paramount importance for safe and reliable water supply. In fact, they must be guaranteed in order to avoid the occurrence of many related problems, as worsening of water quality resulting in microbiological risk [20], system failure due to pipe clogging [21], water loss due to leakages in pipes [22], or sensors malfunctioning due to fouling [23,24]. In this view, real-time monitoring of water biological and chemical stability could enable early warning functions, predictive maintenance, and more efficient management processes in the distribution system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Self-Powered Wireless Water Quality Sensing Network Enabling Smart Monitoring of Biological and Chemical Stability in Supply Systems

Carminati

Turolla

Mezzera

et al. 2020

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A smart, safe, and efficient management of water is fundamental for both developed and developing countries. Several wireless sensor networks have been proposed for real-time monitoring of drinking water quantity and quality, both in the environment and in pipelines. However, surface fouling significantly affects the long-term reliability of pipes and sensors installed in-line. To address this relevant issue, we presented a multi-parameter sensing node embedding a miniaturized slime monitor able to estimate the micrometric thickness and type of slime. The measurement of thin deposits in pipes is descriptive of water biological and chemical stability and enables early warning functions, predictive maintenance, and more efficient management processes. After the description of the sensing node, the related electronics, and the data processing strategies, we presented the results of a two-month validation in the field of a three-node pilot network. Furthermore, self-powering by means of direct energy harvesting from the water flowing through the sensing node was also demonstrated. The robustness and low cost of this solution enable its upscaling to larger monitoring networks, paving the way to water monitoring with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution.

show abstract

A 21st-Century Perspective on Calcium Carbonate Formation in Potable Water Systems

Cited by 28 publications

References 97 publications

Detailed Hydrogeological and Hydrochemical Reassessment of Coastal Basins of Southwestern Nigeria

Detailed Hydrogeological and Hydrochemical Reassessment of Coastal Basins of Southwestern Nigeria

A Standardized Test Protocol for Evaluation of Scale Reduction Technologies

A Self-Powered Wireless Water Quality Sensing Network Enabling Smart Monitoring of Biological and Chemical Stability in Supply Systems

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About