A 2D Markerless Gait Analysis Methodology: Validation on Healthy Subjects

Castelli, Andrea; Paolini, Gabriele; Cereatti, Andrea; Croce, Ugo Della

doi:10.1155/2015/186780

Cited by 54 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(50 reference statements)

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“…Such technology needs to be assessed for validity and reliability in assessing spatiotemporal gait parameters, such as in the current study using a 1-camera method. One other study using a 1-camera system examined the validity between this system and a reference 3-dimensional motion capture system (20). They found differences in accuracy between the 2 systems that were similar compared with the current study for the temporal parameters.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…Several low-cost systems exist that use a single-camera setup, footswitches, accelerometers, gyroscopes, and inertial measurement units; however, results on the accuracy of spatial parameters are inconsistent or absent and it is questionable whether some of these systems are reliable in persons with gait deviations (e.g. forefoot contact at initial contact) (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Concurrent validity and reliability of a low-cost gait analysis system for assessment of spatiotemporal gait parameters

Bloemendaal¹,

Beelen²,

Kleissen³

et al. 2019

J Rehabil Med

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Gait parameters, such as step length and step time, allow the quantification of gait deviations in persons with various diseases. Treatment can be customized and evaluated based on these parameters. However, few lowcost, easily applicable systems are available for clinical settings to accurately measure gait parameters. A lowcost spatiotemporal gait analysis system was developed and this study evaluated its accuracy and reliability. The spatiotemporal gait analysis system consists of a camera placed perpendicular to the walkway, which can be used stationary or moved manually along a parallel rail system to capture multiple strides of an individual during a single walk. Thirty-three healthy adults completed trials of barefoot, toe and shod walking. These adults were simultaneously recorded using an electronic walkway, the GAITRite®, for comparison. The results showed that the spatiotemporal gait analysis system is an accurate and reliable system to assess step and stride length, step, stance, and stride time, but not to assess double support and swing time. Objective: To determine the concurrent validity and reliability of a low-cost spatiotemporal gait analysis system for clinical use in rehabilitation medicine. Design: Cross-sectional study. Subjects: Thirty-three healthy adults. Methods: The spatiotemporal gait analysis system consists of a video camera placed perpendicular to a 10-m walkway and calibrated for spatial reference. The conditions evaluated in this study were: barefoot walking at comfortable and slow speed, toe and shod walking using a stationary camera setup and barefoot walking at comfortable speed using a moving camera setup. The GAITRite® was used as reference. Results: High intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC≥ 0.97; 95% lower limit confidence intervals (95% CIs) ≥ 0.77) were found between systems for step and stride length, and step, stance and stride time, across setups and conditions. Standard error of measurement and Bland-Altman repeatability coefficients were ≤ 2.4% and ≤ 6.3%, respectively. A minimum of 4 footsteps was required to obtain ICC >0.90 and coefficient of variation < 10%. For double support and swing time, ICCs were generally low (ICC≥ 0.21). Inter-rater reliability was excellent for step length, step and stance time (ICC≥ 0.94; lower limit 95% CIs ≥ 0.86). Conclusion: The spatiotemporal gait analysis system is valid and reliable for assessing spatiotemporal parameters in different walking conditions. However, the validity of double support and swing time could not be confirmed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Concurrent validity and reliability of a low-cost gait analysis system for assessment of spatiotemporal gait parameters

Bloemendaal¹,

Beelen²,

Kleissen³

et al. 2019

J Rehabil Med

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“…However, prior research indicates that sagittal plane motions are less affected due to marker movements and sagittal plane pelvic motions are minimal (<2°) during normal gait. 2, 6 Thus, we believe that the changes observed in this study are much larger than the anticipated errors due to marker movements and kinematic model. Future research should consider incorporating a better kinematic model and 3D camera system to elucidate fully the biomechanical effects of the device on the wearer, particularly when testing patient population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

A Novel Application of Eddy Current Braking for Functional Strength Training During Gait

et al. 2016

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Functional strength training is becoming increasingly popular when rehabilitating individuals with neurological injury such as stroke or cerebral palsy. Typically, resistance during walking is provided using cable robots or weights that are secured to the distal shank of the subject. However, there exists no device that is wearable and capable of providing resistance across the joint, allowing over ground gait training. In this study, we created a lightweight and wearable device using eddy current braking to provide resistance to the knee. We then validated the device by having subjects wear it during a walking task through varying resistance levels. Electromyography and kinematics were collected to assess the biomechanical effects of the device on the wearer. We found that eddy current braking provided resistance levels suitable for functional strength training of leg muscles in a package that is both lightweight and wearable. Applying resistive forces at the knee joint during gait resulted in significant increases in muscle activation of many of the muscles tested. A brief period of training also resulted in significant aftereffects once the resistance was removed. These results support the feasibility of the device for functional strength training during gait. Future research is warranted to test the clinical potential of the device in an injured population.

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“…Along these lines, previous studies have worked on several marker-based and markerless techniques (using a single video camera) to perform quantitative gait analysis [6–9]. While these approaches simplify experimental setup and typically provide valid and reliable kinematic data [6, 8], they are often limited to off-line analysis of gait kinematics; thus, making it labor intensive during the processing phase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While these approaches simplify experimental setup and typically provide valid and reliable kinematic data [6, 8], they are often limited to off-line analysis of gait kinematics; thus, making it labor intensive during the processing phase. Further, systems that require manual identification of anatomical landmarks to process kinematic data lack sufficient reliability due to digitization errors [6, 7]. To address these issues, we recently developed a low-cost, real-time motion tracking system for quantitative gait analysis and validated the outcomes using a high-precision robotic gait device [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliable sagittal plane kinematic gait assessments are feasible using low-cost webcam technology

2017

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Three-dimensional (3-D) motion capture systems are commonly used for gait analysis because they provide reliable and accurate measurements. However, the downside of this approach is that it is expensive and requires technical expertise; thus making it less feasible in the clinic. To address this limitation, we recently developed and validated (using a high-precision walking robot) a low-cost, two-dimensional (2-D) real-time motion tracking approach using a simple webcam and LabVIEW Vision Assistant. The purpose of this study was to establish the repeatability and minimal detectable change values of hip and knee sagittal plane gait kinematics recorded using this system. Twenty-one healthy subjects underwent two kinematic assessments while walking on a treadmill at a range of gait velocities. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and minimal detectable change (MDC) values were calculated for commonly used hip and knee kinematic parameters to demonstrate the reliability of the system. Additionally, Bland-Altman plots were generated to examine the agreement between the measurements recorded on two different days. The system demonstrated good to excellent reliability (ICC > 0.75) for all the gait parameters tested on this study. The MDC values were typically low (< 5°) for most of the parameters. The Bland-Altman plots indicated that there was no systematic error or bias in kinematic measurements and showed good agreement between measurements obtained on two different days. These results indicate that kinematic gait assessments using webcam technology can be reliably used for clinical and research purposes.

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A 2D Markerless Gait Analysis Methodology: Validation on Healthy Subjects

Cited by 54 publications

References 31 publications

Concurrent validity and reliability of a low-cost gait analysis system for assessment of spatiotemporal gait parameters

Concurrent validity and reliability of a low-cost gait analysis system for assessment of spatiotemporal gait parameters

A Novel Application of Eddy Current Braking for Functional Strength Training During Gait

Reliable sagittal plane kinematic gait assessments are feasible using low-cost webcam technology

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