A 3-D PW ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter: theory and experimental characterization

Calzolai, M.; Capineri, Lorenzo; Fort, Ada; Masotti, L.; Rocchi, S.; Scabia, M.

doi:10.1109/58.741518

Cited by 29 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The accuracy of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6R was determined in reconstructing time-dependent velocity field [8][9][10][11] and compared it with the CFD generated velocity field. Doppler shifts seen by every receiver for a configuration were determined and checked for the wall filter threshold.…”

Section: B Numerical Evaluation Of Complex Velocity Fieldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of cross-beam vector Doppler ultrasound systems for accurate 3-D velocity measurements

Hussain

Wong

Yiu

et al. 2012

2012 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium

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Fig. 1. An example of a VDUS system with a single central transmitter, Tx, surrounded by six receivers, Ri, with uniform spacing. V is the velocity vector, oriented at an elevation angle, Ȗ, and an azimuth angle, ĳ. The inter-beam angle, ȕ, is the angle between the transmit and a receive beam. i o and i 2 are the unit vectors along the beams for the transmitter and a receiver, i l Abstract-Vector Doppler ultrasound (VDUS) systems offer the potential for improved accuracy in mapping of complex flow parameters, such as recirculation, turbulence, and shear stress which are probable risk factors leading to vascular disease and stroke. Cross-beam VDUS systems were evaluated for velocity accuracy to optimize the number of receivers for the inter-beam angle, wall filter, system orientation, and complexity of flow seen in a stenosed carotid artery. Preliminary results for velocity estimation show promise for validation of numerical results.

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Section: B Numerical Evaluation Of Complex Velocity Fieldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of cross-beam vector Doppler ultrasound systems for accurate 3-D velocity measurements

Hussain

Wong

Yiu

et al. 2012

2012 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium

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“…A description of this system has been reported in Ref. 26, and we point out here the main achievements of this early experience: the system was capable of axial scanning along the central transmitter beam axis, then producing real 3-D velocity vector maps. The representation method of these static maps was not obvious, and the development of a new software tool for 3-D vector velocity imaging was necessary.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Vector Doppler: spatial sampling analysis and presentation techniques for real time systems

Capineri

2003

J. Electron. Imaging

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The aim of the vector Doppler (VD) technique is the quantitative reconstruction of a velocity field independent of the ultrasonic probe axis to flow angle. In particular, vector Doppler is useful for studying vascular pathologies related to complex blood flow conditions. Clinical applications require a real-time operating mode and the capability to perform Doppler measurements over a defined volume. The combination of these two characteristics produces a real-time vector velocity map. In previous works we investigated the theory of pulsed-wave (PW) vector Doppler and developed an experimental system capable of producing off-line 3-D vector velocity maps. Afterward, for producing dynamic velocity vector maps, we realized a new 2-D vector Doppler system based on a modified commercial echograph. The measurement and presentation of a vector velocity field requires correct spatial sampling that must satisfy the Shannon criterion. In this work we tackle this problem, establishing a relationship between sampling steps and scanning system characteristics. Another problem posed by the vector Doppler technique is the data representation in realtime that should be easy to interpret for the physician. With this in mind we attempt a multimedia solution that uses both interpolated images and sound to represent the information of the measured vector velocity map. These presentation techniques are tested for real-time scanning on flow phantoms and preliminary measurements in vivo on a human carotid artery.

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“…2-D vector Doppler algorithms have also been developed in order to retrieve the 2-D velocity information from phase and quadrature demodulated signals [4] and also by means of synthetic aperture beam-forming [5]. The editors have also proposed a real-time 3-D vector Doppler technique using one emitting aperture and three different receiving apertures [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Real-Time 2-D Vector Doppler System for Clinical Experimentation

Pastorelli

Torricelli

Scabia

et al. 2008

IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging

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A real-time hardware software 2-D vector Doppler system has been realized by means of the FEMMINA platform. The system operates by performing two independent 1-D Doppler estimations on the scan plane of a linear array probe along different directions; the probe is connected to a commercial scanner. The reconstructed velocity is presented in real-time as superposition on the conventional B-mode images. Two different scanning techniques have been implemented, in order to carry out the 2-D Doppler investigation in the area of interest. These techniques allow to use the system both in vivo and in vivo. An extensive set of simulations has been performed in order to establish a gold standard regarding vector Doppler 2-D techniques, and to be able to assess the performance of the 2-D Doppler system by comparing simulated and experimental results. The whole real-time 2-D vector Doppler system is fully certified as hospital equipment, and thus it can be employed to carry out an experimental characterization of the 2-D Doppler technique in the clinical environment.

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A 3-D PW ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter: theory and experimental characterization

Cited by 29 publications

References 13 publications

Evaluation of cross-beam vector Doppler ultrasound systems for accurate 3-D velocity measurements

Evaluation of cross-beam vector Doppler ultrasound systems for accurate 3-D velocity measurements

Vector Doppler: spatial sampling analysis and presentation techniques for real time systems

A Real-Time 2-D Vector Doppler System for Clinical Experimentation

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