A 5-year retrospective report of Gallibacterium anatis and Pasteurella multocida isolates from chickens in Mississippi

Abstract

A 5-yr retrospective study (November 2006-December 2011) was conducted to determine the isolation frequency of Pasteurella multocida and Gallibacterium anatis and their antibiograms from chickens submitted to the Mississippi Poultry Research and Diagnostic Laboratory. The number of isolations of G. anatis increased over the last 5 yr in broiler and broiler breeder type chickens. For P. multocida, the number of isolations increased from 2006 to 2010, but decreased through 2011 with all isolations being from boiler breeder type chickens. Gallibacterium anatis demonstrated almost complete resistance to novobiocin, tylosin, lincosamide, and tetracycline antimicrobials with moderate to high sensitivity to sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, and florfenicol. There was intermediate sensitivity for spectinomycin and erythromycin and variable resistance to β-lactam and aminoglycoside antimicrobials. In sharp contrast, P. multocida showed moderate to high sensitivity to β-lactam, novobiocin, and tetracycline antimicrobials, but had antibiograms similar to G. anatis for the other antimicrobials. Sensitivities were determined using minimum inhibitory concentration. This study examines the trends over a 5-yr period of the number of isolates of P. multocida and G. anatis and their sensitivities. These 2 pathogens produce very similar clinical signs and lesions (fowl cholera-like) in breeders despite having extremely antagonistic sensitivity patterns. This study shows the necessity for producers to attempt culture and sensitivity in suspect fowl cholera-like flocks before initiating antimicrobial treatment commonly used with P. multocida for fear that the culprit may actually be the more antimicrobial-resistant G. anatis.

Prevalence, Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Gallibacterium Anatis Isolated From Layer.

“…On the other hand all isolates were complete resistant to oxytetracyclin and doxycycline. This result agreed with Bojesen et al (2011), who noted that 97%of field strains were resistant to tetracycline, also agreed with Dewhirst et al, (1993); Janda (2011) and Jones et al, (2013).Other result optained by Bojesen et al(2007) who recorded that all isolates were sensitive to amoxicillin-calivulinic acid and El Bestawy 2014 who recorded that they resistant to sulpha. Trimethoprim.The differences in resistance patterns are widely due to factors which include differences in geographical locations, particular bacteria species involved, the animal production systems, the extent to which antibiotics are used, sampling techniques and period of sampling (Adzitey et al,2015).…”

Etiology, epidemiology, pathology, and advances in diagnosis, vaccine development, and treatment ofGallibacterium anatisinfection in poultry: a review

“…are involved in causing septicemia (Fisher et al 1998;Ewers et al 2004;Abdul-Aziz et al 2016). In recent past, several reports of clinical cases in avian and experimental studies in chickens revealed Gallibacterium anatis to be an important bacterial pathogen associated with septicemia (Bojesen et al 2004;Neubauer et al 2009;Jones et al 2013;Paudel et al 2013;Elbestawy 2014;Paudel, Liebhart, Aurich, et al 2014;Paudel et al 2015;Persson & Bojesen 2015).…”

“…anatis, particularly the hemolytica biovar, reported to cause oophoritis, salpingitis, peritonitis, perihepatitis, liver necrosis, pericarditis, air sacculitis, tracheitis, enteritis and septicemia in chickens (Bisgaard 1977;Mushin et al 1980;Shaw et al 1990;Mirle et al 1991;Bojesen et al 2004;Neubauer et al 2009;Paudel et al 2013). In egg-laying hens, reproductive organs are chiefly affected, and this bacterium produces lesions including hemorrhagic oophoritis and rupture of ovarian follicles (Hacking & Pettit 1974;Jones et al 1981;Neubauer et al 2009;Jones et al 2013;. G. anatis has been considered as a primary organism associated with lowered egg production, leading to 8-10% yield reduction and found to cause mortality up to 73% in experimentally immunosuppressed layer chickens (Mirle et al 1991;Jordan et al 2005;Neubauer et al 2009;Shapiro et al 2013).…”

“…The wide prevalence of multidrug/antibiotic resistance and considerable antigenic variation observed among G. anatis strains are the foremost limitations which lead to treatment failure with the use of antimicrobials and hinder the prevention of this disease by vaccination (Bojesen, Torpdahl, et al 2003;Johnson et al 2013;Jones et al 2013;Ch avez et al 2017;Hess et al2019). Apart from this, other aspects of this pathogen such as virulence factors, pathogenesis, and novel effective vaccine candidates and drugs are yet to be explored in depth by examining recent advances in vaccines and therapeutics.…”

Hydrostatic Filtration Enables Large-Scale Production of Outer Membrane Vesicles That Effectively Protect Chickens against Gallibacterium anatis

“…In affected animals, G. anatis is often co-isolated together with other poultry pathogens, which previously left its clinical relevance as a matter of controversy [4,6]. Several studies have however shown that G. anatis infections correlate with decreased egg production and increased mortality in laying hens [7][8][9], leading to the widespread recognition of G. anatis as an emerging threat to chicken egg and meat production.…”