The death toll and financial loss from automotive accidents necessitate the use of automotive radars. However, existing commercial automotive radars are bulky and expensive, and are therefore offered only in higher-end vehicles. The advancements in CMOS technology provide a great opportunity for it to be used in the 76-81 GHz frequency band allocated to automotive radar, thereby offering a lower-cost solution. This paper addresses some of the design challenges of millimeter wave CMOS transceivers from a system level perspective, proposes a radar system, and presents simulation results for key functions in the system that were obtained in AWR Visual System Simulator (VSS). The paper also discusses the options of built in self testability of CMOS transceivers thus envisioning a complete low cost solution for automotive radars.Index Terms-Built-in self-test, CMOS, long range radar, low noise amplifier, millimeter-wave, short range radar.
I. TREND OF AUTOMOTIVE RADARS AND CMOSWhile III-V compounds dominated the millimeter wave (mm-wave) spectrum a decade ago, CMOS device technologies now have crept into this application arena. The advantages in cost and integration level of CMOS technology primarily drive this phenomena. 60GHz WPAN [1], 77-81GHz automotive radar [2], and 94 GHz imaging [3] are some examples of applications that span these frequencies with III-V technologies and CMOS technology [4].Until recently, most of the cars used long range radars only for automatic cruise control (ACC) [5]. Development of 24GHz short range pulse radar sensors enabled additional automotive applications. As a result, a complete automotive radar system has been deployed in high end cars, where a central processor reads all the data, and processes the information. Accordingly, the central processor sends a control signal to the appropriate sensor. Usually these cars are surrounded by up to 16 single, small, and powerful radar sensors to comprise a 360 0 safety shield around the car.With time, the size of the radar becomes smaller and the radar possesses more automotive radar applications. Figure 1 shows the progress of automotive radars with time [7]. In 1999, a first generation adaptive cruise control radar system Distronic was installed in Mercededs-Benz S-class vehicles. The third generation of this system is based on a silicon germanium (SiGe) monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) for the very first time; and was the smallest radar system when introduced, due to its package advantages [8]. Fig.