A 512×512 CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor with integrated ADCs for space science

Prydderch, M.; Waltham, N.; Turchetta, R.; French, M.; Holt, R.; Marshall, A.; Burt, David; Bell, Ray; Pool, P.; Eyles, C. J.; Mapson-Menard, H.

doi:10.1016/s0168-9002(03)01914-4

Cited by 52 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…We have used, in our initial experiments, a CCD55-20 inverted mode sensor (e2v) [11] and a StarTracker active pixel sensor (APS) [9] to detect 14 C and 35 S. A back-illuminated CCD55-20 sensor has also been used to make the first demonstrated 3 H imaging at room temperature using a CCD under direct irradiation.…”

Section: A Imaging System Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our work presented here is focused in the latter area. Within solid state detectors several different technologies can be distinguished including CCD technology [8], CMOS technology [9] and hybrid detector technology [7]. In this work we examine two solid state alternatives to film: a commercial CCD sensor and a CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel sensor, both under direct irradiation from a radiolabelled sample.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Digital autoradiography using CCD and CMOS imaging technology

Cabello

Bailey

Kitchen

et al. 2006

2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record

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Abstract-CCD and CMOS imaging technologies can be applied to thin tissue Autoradiography as potential imaging alternatives to using conventional film. In this work, we compare two particular devices; a CCD operating in slow scan mode and a CMOS-based Active Pixel sensor, operating at near video rates. Both imaging sensors have been operated at room temperature with images produced from calibrated microscales and radiolabelled tissue samples. We also compare these digital imaging technologies with the use of conventional film. We show first comparative results obtained with 14 C calibrated microscales and 35 S radiolabelled tissue sections. We also present first results of 3 H images produced under direct irradiation of a CCD sensor operating at room temperature. Compared to film, silicon-based imaging technologies exhibit enhanced sensitivity, dynamic range and linearity.

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Section: A Imaging System Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital autoradiography using CCD and CMOS imaging technology

Cabello

Bailey

Kitchen

et al. 2006

2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record

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“…In this article, a radiation hardened 64 9 64 active pixel sensor (APS) fabricated in a standard 0.35 lm CMOS technology for use as a star tracker [2] is described. The design goals are: (1) to comply with the specifications defined for equipment survival in the space radiation environment [3]; (2) to achieve a high photosensitivity, necessary to capture the stars luminosity; (3) to have low power consumption, compatible with the spacecraft power budget.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The design goals are: (1) to comply with the specifications defined for equipment survival in the space radiation environment [3]; (2) to achieve a high photosensitivity, necessary to capture the stars luminosity; (3) to have low power consumption, compatible with the spacecraft power budget.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Layout techniques for radiation hardening of standard CMOS active pixel sensors

Braga

Domingues

Rocha

et al. 2008

Analog Integr Circ Sig Process

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This article presents a radiation hardened active pixel sensor implemented in a standard 0.35 lm CMOS process. The integrated circuit is composed of a 64 9 64 pixel matrix with a 25 lm pixel pitch and has four different pixel architectures. There are also test structures to permit the characterization of the MOS transistors. The radiation hardening of the circuit is implemented with two layout techniques: enclosed geometry transistors and guard rings. It is shown that, with these techniques, the sensor is able to operate with total ionization doses that surpass 500 krad, which is more than double of the requirement for our application. Also, the techniques do not compromise the optical response of the pixels. To obtain an electrical model of the designed transistors, an EKV MOSFET Model was extracted.

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“…Other solid-state detectors used for this application include charge-coupled devices (CCD), complementary metal-oxide semiconductor arrays, and hybrid detector technologies (6)(7)(8). Their limited sensitivity usually requires tens of hours per exposure.…”

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confidence: 99%

Direct Imaging of Radionuclide-Produced Electrons and Positrons with an Ultrathin Phosphor

et al. 2008

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Current electron detectors are either unable to image in vivo or lack sufficient spatial resolution because of electron scattering in thick detector materials. This study was aimed at developing a sensitive high-resolution system capable of detecting electronemitting isotopes in vivo. Methods: The system uses a lenscoupled charge-coupled-device camera to capture the scintillation light excited by an electron-emitting object near an ultrathin phosphor. The spatial resolution and sensitivity of the system were measured with a 3.7-kBq 90 Y/ 90 Sr b-source and a 70-mm resin bead labeled with 99m Tc. Finally, we imaged the 99m Tcpertechnetate concentration in the mandibular gland of a mouse in vivo. Results: Useful images were obtained with only a few hundred emitted b particles from the 90 Y/ 90 Sr source or conversion electrons from the 99m Tc bead source. The in vivo image showed a clear profile of the mandibular gland and many fine details with exposures of as low as 30 s. All measurements were consistent with a spatial resolution of about 50 mm, corresponding to 2.5 detector pixels with the current camera. Conclusion: Our new electron-imaging system can image electron-emitting isotope distributions at high resolution and sensitivity. The system is useful for in vivo imaging of small animals and small, exposed regions on humans. The ability to image b particles, positrons, and conversion electrons makes the system applicable to most isotopes. Di rect imaging of electron emissions from radionuclides is valuable in biodistribution and microdosimetry studies, but most current electron detectors are unable to image in vivo because of either the physical configuration or insufficient sensitivity. Others have either compromised spatial resolution or limited sensitivity due to their design tradeoffs; thin detector materials lack sensitivity, and thick materials cause sufficient scatter of the electrons to impair resolution.Film-based autoradiography is capable of micrometerscale resolution because of the thin emulsions used, but film is limited by its narrow linear response range and relatively low sensitivity, requiring long exposure times. Digital autoradiography systems improve linearity and sensitivity over film with a variety of thicker detector materials.Arrays of gas detectors with dedicated readout electronics can provide spatial information (1-4). One of the better systems, the Beta Imager 2000 (LabLogic Systems Limited), has been reported to achieve 100-to 300-mm resolution.Double-sided silicon detectors with orthogonal readout electrodes can achieve 115 mm in full width at half maximum (FWHM) (5). Other solid-state detectors used for this application include charge-coupled devices (CCD), complementary metal-oxide semiconductor arrays, and hybrid detector technologies (6-8). Their limited sensitivity usually requires tens of hours per exposure.Scintillators and phosphors can be used in combination with digital light sensors such as CCD and complementary metal-oxide semiconductor cameras. One approach to achiev...

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A 512×512 CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor with integrated ADCs for space science

Cited by 52 publications

References 3 publications

Digital autoradiography using CCD and CMOS imaging technology

Digital autoradiography using CCD and CMOS imaging technology

Layout techniques for radiation hardening of standard CMOS active pixel sensors

Direct Imaging of Radionuclide-Produced Electrons and Positrons with an Ultrathin Phosphor

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