A 6.1-nW Wake-Up Receiver Achieving −80.5-dBm Sensitivity Via a Passive Pseudo-Balun Envelope Detector

Wang, Po-Han Peter; Jiang, Haowei; Gao, Li; Sen, Pinar; Kim, Young-Han; Rebeiz, Gabriel M.; Mercier, Patrick P.; Hall, Drew A.

doi:10.1109/lssc.2018.2875826

Cited by 55 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…where Z oi (s) is the Z -parameter associated with the i th diode and the output and I i is the rectified current associated with the i th stage. The expression in 14 (17) assuming that identical coupling capacitors are used this expression simplifies into (18), which is mathematically equivalent to the Elmore delay of the network driven by the first device in the chain.…”

Section: E Passive Detector Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further reduction of system complexity has led to the resurgence of the "detector-first" receiver, which accomplishes all of its RF voltage gain passively through impedance transformation. The RF front end consists of an impedance matching network and an envelope detector circuit [14]- [18]. The removal of active gain at the RF frequencies allows the detector-first receiver substantial power savings compared 0018-9200 © 2019 IEEE.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Interference Robust Detector-First Near-Zero Power Wake-Up Receiver

Moody

Bassirian

Roy

et al. 2019

IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits

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This paper presents the development of a wake-up receiver (WuRX) at nanowatt power levels for event-driven applications. This paper improves the state of the art, obtaining higher sensitivity than previous work in the 151.8-and 433-bands, low-power operation, and robustness to interference due to an integrated offset compensation algorithm operating without any external calibration. Simultaneous low-power operation and high sensitivity are achieved through a passive detector design based upon a terminal impedance boundary condition-based optimization of the detector dictated by the terminal impedances of the detector. This paper is implemented in a 130-nm CMOS process and obtains −76 dBm at the 151.8-MHz multi-use radio service (MURS) band and −71 dBm at the 433-MHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band with a total dc power draw of just 7.6 nW from 1.0-and 0.6-V supplies. Index Terms-Envelope detector, near-zero-power, ultra-lowpower RF, wake-up receiver (WuRx). I. INTRODUCTION E VENT-DRIVEN smart sensor nodes are an emerging technology platform promising a wide application range ranging from agricultural [1], industrial, infrastructural [2], and perimeter monitoring applications. Event-driven sensor systems spend the majority of their life in an "asleep-yet-aware state" drawing a minimal amount of dc power yet remaining aware of the ambient environment through both ultra-lowpower sensors systems as well as sensing for wake-up events through their WuRx. One major limitation of large-scale smart sensor networks is the impracticability of battery replacement, which drives the need for extremely long sensor lifetimes [3]. Recent advances in near-zero power-level WuRxs [4] have allowed for an extreme reduction in WuRx's power consumption and a significant improvement in the sensitivity of the WuRx front end (see Fig. 1). Still, there is a need for both higher sensitivity and greater robustness to interference in these near-zero power-level receivers.

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Section: E Passive Detector Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Interference Robust Detector-First Near-Zero Power Wake-Up Receiver

Moody

Bassirian

Roy

et al. 2019

IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits

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“…On the other hand, the RFED is one of the architectures with the highest potential for integrability and low-power operation of all the alternatives discussed. A substantial number of WuRs are based on this architecture [ 2 , 6 , 11 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ], mainly because it allows the designer to achieve very low-power consumptions. Nevertheless, the RFED architectures are characterized by a high noise figure and low interference resilience when compared to other WuR architectures, thus, achieving a limited sensitivity.…”

Section: Envelope Detector Wur With Off-chip Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The detector’s output impedance combined with capacitance C1 forms a low-pass filter, designed at a frequency of 125 kHz. Similar to [ 11 , 23 , 24 ], the principle of adding a large passive voltage gain before the envelope detector is exploited here to boost the WuR sensitivity. An integrated transformer can be included in the input matching network, as shown in Figure 8 .…”

Section: Cmos Integrated Wur Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Power RFED Wake-Up Receiver Design for Low-Cost Wireless Sensor Network Applications

Galante-Sempere

Ramos-Valido

Khemchandani

et al. 2020

Sensors

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The development of wake-up receivers (WuR) has recently received a lot of interest from both academia and industry researchers, primarily because of their major impact on the improvement of the performance of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this paper, we present the development of three different radiofrequency envelope detection (RFED) based WuRs operating at the 868 MHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band. These circuits can find application in densely populated WSNs, which are fundamental components of Internet-of-Things (IoT) or Internet-of-Everything (IoE) applications. The aim of this work is to provide circuits with high integrability and a low cost-per-node, so as to facilitate the implementation of sensor nodes in low-cost IoT applications. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of implementing a WuR with commercially available off-chip components, the design of an RFED WuR in a PCB mount is presented. The circuit is validated in a real scenario by testing the WuR in a system with a pattern recognizer (AS3933), an MCU (MSP430G2553 from TI), a transceiver (CC1101 from TI) and a T/R switch (ADG918). The WuR has no active components and features a sensitivity of about −50 dBm, with a total size of 22.5 × 51.8 mm2. To facilitate the integration of the WuR in compact systems and low-cost applications, two designs in a commercial UMC 65 nm CMOS process are also explored. Firstly, an RFED WuR with integrated transformer providing a passive voltage gain of 18 dB is demonstrated. The circuit achieves a sensitivity as low as −62 dBm and a power consumption of only 528 nW, with a total area of 634 × 391 μm2. Secondly, so as to reduce the area of the circuit, a design of a tuned-RF WuR with integrated current-reuse active inductor is presented. In this case, the WuR features a sensitivity of −55 dBm with a power consumption of 43.5 μW and a total area of 272 × 464 μm2, obtaining a significant area reduction at the expense of higher power consumption. The alternatives presented show a very low die footprint with a performance in line with most of the state-of-the-art contributions, making the topologies attractive in scenarios where high integrability and low cost-per-node are necessary.

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“…For example, the study in [95] proposed an ultralow power wake-up radio based on direct active RF detection with power consumption of just 4.5 μW at 2.4 GHz, sensitivity of −50 dBm, data rate of 200 kbps, and 4.5 μW consumption from a 0.8 V supply voltage. The work in [96] fabricated a circuit in a 0.18-μm CMOS process with the sensitivity of −80.5 dBm and consumed 6.1 nW. The high sensitivity is realized by using a passive pseudo-balun envelope detector.…”

Section: Passive Wake-up Radiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances and Opportunities in Passive Wake-Up Radios with Wireless Energy Harvesting for the Internet of Things Applications

Bello

Zeng

Nordin

et al. 2019

Sensors

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Wake-up radio is a promising approach to mitigate the problem of idle listening, which incurs additional power consumption for the Internet of Things (IoT) wireless transmission. Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting technique allows the wake-up radio to remain in a deep sleep and only become active after receiving an external RF signal to ‘wake-up’ the radio, thus eliminating necessary hardware and signal processing to perform idle listening, resulting in higher energy efficiency. This review paper focuses on cross-layer; physical and media access control (PHY and MAC) approaches on passive wake-up radio based on the previous works from the literature. First, an explanation of the circuit design and system architecture of the passive wake-up radios is presented. Afterward, the previous works on RF energy harvesting techniques and the existing passive wake-up radio hardware architectures available in the literature are surveyed and classified. An evaluation of the various MAC protocols utilized for the novel passive wake-up radio technologies is presented. Finally, the paper highlights the potential research opportunities and practical challenges related to the practical implementation of wake-up technology for future IoT applications.

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A 6.1-nW Wake-Up Receiver Achieving −80.5-dBm Sensitivity Via a Passive Pseudo-Balun Envelope Detector

Cited by 55 publications

References 7 publications

Interference Robust Detector-First Near-Zero Power Wake-Up Receiver

Interference Robust Detector-First Near-Zero Power Wake-Up Receiver

Low-Power RFED Wake-Up Receiver Design for Low-Cost Wireless Sensor Network Applications

Advances and Opportunities in Passive Wake-Up Radios with Wireless Energy Harvesting for the Internet of Things Applications

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