“…In order to achieve a memory bus data rate of over 400 Mbps/pin, DDR-x SDRAMs must incorporate an on-chip delay-locked loop (DLL) [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12] that can eliminate skew problems and achieve higher timing margin at high frequencies. To design a DLL that can support both DDR3 and DDR4 specifications at the same time [13,14], the DLL should be locked within 512 clock cycles and operate over a frequency range from 300 MHz to 1.6 GHz using an internal supply voltage of less than 1.2 V. Also, the DLL must be capable of correcting the duty cycle of the distorted input clock so that the data-valid window (tDV) could be widened [2].…”