A base-free measure of change

Tucker, Ledyard R.; Damarin, Fred; Messick, Samuel

doi:10.1007/bf02289517

Cited by 207 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Following classic methods in the literature, 40,41 preimagery scores were included as a covariate to control for 'baseline' variability, yielding baseline-adjusted change scores. Change scores were used not only to control for baseline levels, but to avoid multiple comparisons and their attendant inflation of Type I error probability that would be necessitated in a repeated measures approach.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) and transporter (SLC6A3) polymorphisms on smoking cue-induced cigarette craving among African-American smokers

et al. 2004

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Cue-induced craving for addictive substances has long been known to contribute to the problem of persistent addiction in humans. Research in animals over the past decade has solidly established the central role of dopamine in cue-induced craving for addictive substances, including nicotine. Analogous studies in humans, however, are lacking, especially among African-American smokers, who have lower quit rates than Caucasian smokers. Based on the animal literature, the study's objective was to test the hypothesis that smokers carrying specific variants in dopamine-related genes previously associated with risk for addictive behaviors would exhibit heightened levels of cigarette craving following laboratory exposure to cues. To this end, cigarette craving was induced in healthy AfricanAmerican smokers (n ¼ 88) through laboratory exposure to smoking cues. Smokers carrying either the DRD2 (D2 dopamine receptor gene) TaqI A1 RFLP or the SLC6A3 (dopamine transporter gene) 9-repeat VNTR polymorphisms had stronger cue-induced cravings than noncarriers (Ps o0.05 and 0.01, respectively). Consistent with the separate biological pathways involved (receptor, transporter), carriers of both polymorphisms had markedly higher craving responses compared to those with neither (Po0.0006), reflecting additive effects. Findings provide support for the role of dopamine in cue-induced craving in humans, and suggest a possible genetic risk factor for persistent smoking behavior in African-American smokers. Keywords: smoking; cues; craving; nicotine; dopamine; DRD2; SLC6A3; polymorphism Despite the widely recognized risks, about one-third of the world's adult population continues to smoke cigarettes.1 According to estimates from the US, a majority of smokers attempt to quit, but only a small minority are able to maintain long-term abstinence. 2Recent population-based data have indicated that the problem of long-term abstinence is particularly salient for African-American smokers.3 While the prevalence of cigarette smoking among African Americans is comparable to that of Caucasians, survey data indicate that African-American smokers have markedly lower quit rates. 3 In spite of these figures, African Americans have been understudied in research on persistent smoking behavior. 4,5 There is thus clearly a need, both in general and regarding African-American smokers in particular, to better understand factors that may contribute to persistent smoking behavior.Early twin studies demonstrated that persistent smoking behavior (ie difficulty remaining abstinent) has a substantial genetic component.6 Providing additional support for a genetic contribution, studies over the past decade have identified two specific genetic polymorphisms in the dopamine system related to cigarette smoking behavior, as well as other types of substance abuse. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] The presence of the TaqI RFLP A1 allele of the D2 dopamine receptor gene (DRD2), first found to be related to severe alcoholism, 7 has more recently been reported to be related...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) and transporter (SLC6A3) polymorphisms on smoking cue-induced cigarette craving among African-American smokers

et al. 2004

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“…37,38 Change scores were used to avoid multiple comparisons, and their attendant inflation of Type I error probability, that would be necessitated in a repeatedmeasures approach. 38 These outcomes were then assessed using factorial analyses of variance (ANOVA), entering DRD2 and SLC6A3 genotype status (presence vs absence) as predictors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress-induced cigarette craving: effects of the DRD2 TaqI RFLP and SLC6A3 VNTR polymorphisms

et al. 2004

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Animal models have long implicated dopamine in stress-induced craving for a variety of addictive substances. However, translational studies of dopamine, stress and craving in humans are lacking. Based on the animal literature, this study's objective was to test the hypothesis that cigarette smokers carrying specific variants in dopamine-related genes would have heightened levels of cigarette craving following exposure to a laboratory stressor. Cigarette craving induced by controlled exposure to a laboratory stressor was assessed in healthy adult smokers (n ¼ 108) recruited by advertisement. Significantly stronger stress-induced cigarette craving was found for individuals carrying either the DRD2 (D2 dopamine receptor gene) A1, or the SLC6A3 (dopamine transporter gene) nine-repeat allelic variants. Stress-induced craving was markedly higher for those carrying both alleles, compared to those with neither, consistent with the separate biological pathways involved (receptor, transporter). Findings provide strong support for the possibility that dopamine involvement in stress-induced craving well established in animal models also applies to humans, and suggest a potential genetic risk factor for persistent smoking behavior.

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“…Residualized change scores are referred to as "base-free" measures of change (Tucker et al, 1966) and are viewed as superior to simple pretest -posttest difference scores (Veldman and Brophy, 1974). Residualized change scores are a standard statistical technique and have been used in examining predictors of change in children's physical activity (Sallis et al, 1999).…”

Section: Methods 2 Combined Change Scoresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methods of quantifying change in multiple risk factor interventions

Prochaska

Velicer

Nigg

et al. 2008

Preventive Medicine

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Objective-Risky behaviors such as smoking, alcohol abuse, physical inactivity, and poor diet are detrimental to health, costly, and often co-occur. Greater efforts are being targeted at changing multiple risk behaviors to more comprehensively address the health needs of individuals and populations. With increased interest in multiple risk factor interventions, the field will need ways to conceptualize the issue of overall behavior change.Method-Analyzing data from over 8,000 participants in four multibehavioral interventions, we present five different methods for quantifying and reporting changes in multiple risk behaviors.Results-The methods are: (a) the traditional approach of reporting changes in individual risk behaviors; (b) creating a combined statistical index of overall behavior change, standardizing scores across behaviors on different metrics; (c) using a behavioral index; (d) calculating an overall impact factor; and (e) using overarching outcome measures such as quality of life, related biometrics, or cost outcomes. We discuss the methods' interpretations, strengths, and limitations.Conclusion-Given the lack of consensus in the field on how to examine change in multiple risk behaviors, we recommend researchers employ and compare multiple methods in their publications. A dialogue is needed to work towards developing a consensus for optimal ways of conceptualizing and reporting changes in multibehavioral interventions.

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A base-free measure of change

Cited by 207 publications

References 20 publications

Effects of dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) and transporter (SLC6A3) polymorphisms on smoking cue-induced cigarette craving among African-American smokers

Effects of dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) and transporter (SLC6A3) polymorphisms on smoking cue-induced cigarette craving among African-American smokers

Stress-induced cigarette craving: effects of the DRD2 TaqI RFLP and SLC6A3 VNTR polymorphisms

Methods of quantifying change in multiple risk factor interventions

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