“…The selection of the eight methods was influenced by supervision literature. The items included videotape (Bernard & Goodyear, 1992;Broder & Sloman, 1982;Dowling, 1984;Goldberg, 1985;Stoltenberg & Delworth, 1987;Ward, Kagan, & Krathwohl, 1972), audiotape (Bernard & Goodyear, 1992;Bowman, 1979;Goldberg, 1985;Kruger, Cherniss, Maher, & Leichtman, 1988;Ward, Kagan, & Krathwohl, 1972). live supervision (Berger & Dammann, 1982;Bernard & Goodyear, 1992;Kickert & Turner, 1978;Schroll & Walton, 199 1).…”