A biochemical rationale for the interaction between gastrointestinal yeast and autism

Burrus, Caley

doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2012.08.029

Cited by 36 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…There are some reports of associations between the occurrence of some symptoms caused by Candida in patients with ASD [11,13]. Recently, scientists suggest that Candida, particularly C. albicans growth in intestines may cause lower absorption of carbohydrates and minerals and higher toxin levels which are thought to contribute to autistic behaviors [7,11,13]. However, little is known about the presence of Candida spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As Candida grows, it releases ammonia and toxins which are thought to contribute to autistic behaviors [11,12] and high levels of the yeast in gut mean lower absorption of carbohydrates and minerals and higher toxin levels. It was considered that this hypothesis could be beneficial in explaining a certain aspect of the biochemical etiology of ASD [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Yeast Species Isolated from Stool Samples of Children with Suspected or Diagnosed Autism Spectrum Disorders and In Vitro Susceptibility Against Nystatin and Fluconazole

2015

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a general term for a group of complex neurodevelopmental disorders of brain development that limits a person's ability to function normally. Etiology has not been clearly defined up to date. However, gut microbiota and the bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal tract and brain, the so-called microbiota-gut-brain axis, are hypothesized, which may be involved in the etiology of several mental disorders. Recent reports suggest that Candida, particularly Candida albicans, growth in intestines may cause lower absorption of carbohydrates and minerals and higher toxin levels which are thought to contribute autistic behaviors. The aim of this study was to identify the 3-year deposited yeasts isolated from stool samples of children with diagnosed or suspected ASD and to determine in vitro activity of nystatin and fluconazole against these isolates using Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute M27-A3 guidelines. A 17-year retrospective assessment was also done using our laboratory records. Among the species identified, intrinsically fluconazole-resistant Candida krusei (19.8 %) and Candida glabrata (14.8 %) with elevated MICs were remarkable. Overall, C. albicans (57.4 %) was the most commonly isolated species in 17 years. The species identification and/or antifungal susceptibility tests have to be performed using the strain isolated from stool sample, to select the appropriate antifungal agent, if antimycotic therapy is needed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Yeast Species Isolated from Stool Samples of Children with Suspected or Diagnosed Autism Spectrum Disorders and In Vitro Susceptibility Against Nystatin and Fluconazole

2015

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“…The proliferation of Candida can be inhibited by IL-17, IL-22, which modulated by some species of Lactobacillus through tryptophan-derived aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands (Zelante et al, 2013). Candida can releases ammonia and toxins that can induce autistic behaviors (Burrus, 2012; Iovene et al, 2017). The alterations of the bacterial microbiota in ASD individuals result in the expansion of Candida , which would worsen the dysbiosis and induce the abnormal behaviors.…”

Section: Relationship Between Asd and Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorders

Han

et al. 2017

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

361

252

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Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are a common comorbidity in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Many studies have shown alterations in the composition of the fecal flora and metabolic products of the gut microbiome in patients with ASD. The gut microbiota influences brain development and behaviors through the neuroendocrine, neuroimmune and autonomic nervous systems. In addition, an abnormal gut microbiota is associated with several diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ASD and mood disorders. Here, we review the bidirectional interactions between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract (brain-gut axis) and the role of the gut microbiota in the central nervous system (CNS) and ASD. Microbiome-mediated therapies might be a safe and effective treatment for ASD.

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“…A pathology linking yeast ammonia production and ASD has been recently proposed [170]. A study of peripheral blood mononuclear cells taken from children with ASD showed elevated TNF-α production in the gastrointestinal tract, indicative of inflammation, and nearly 1/3 of the children had overgrowth of Candida albicans in their colon [171].…”

Section: Environmental Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Encephalopathy a Mechanism to Renew Sulfate in Autism?

Seneff¹,

Lauritzen

Davidson³

et al. 2013

Entropy

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This paper makes two claims: (1) autism can be characterized as a chronic lowgrade encephalopathy, associated with excess exposure to nitric oxide, ammonia and glutamate in the central nervous system, which leads to hippocampal pathologies and resulting cognitive impairment, and (2), encephalitis is provoked by a systemic deficiency in sulfate, but associated seizures and fever support sulfate restoration. We argue that impaired synthesis of cholesterol sulfate in the skin and red blood cells, catalyzed by sunlight and nitric oxide synthase enzymes, creates a state of colloidal instability in the blood manifested as a low zeta potential and increased interfacial stress. Encephalitis, while life-threatening, can result in partial renewal of sulfate supply, promoting neuronal survival. Research is cited showing how taurine may not only help protect neurons from hypochlorite exposure, but also provide a source for sulfate renewal. Several environmental factors can synergistically promote the encephalopathy of autism, including the herbicide, glyphosate, aluminum, mercury, lead, nutritional deficiencies in thiamine and zinc, and yeast overgrowth due to excess dietary sugar. Given these facts, dietary and lifestyle changes, including increased sulfur ingestion, organic whole foods, increased sun exposure, and avoidance of toxins such as aluminum, mercury, and lead, may help to alleviate symptoms or, in some instances, to prevent autism altogether. OPEN ACCESSEntropy 2013, 15 373

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A biochemical rationale for the interaction between gastrointestinal yeast and autism

Cited by 36 publications

References 7 publications

Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Yeast Species Isolated from Stool Samples of Children with Suspected or Diagnosed Autism Spectrum Disorders and In Vitro Susceptibility Against Nystatin and Fluconazole

Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Yeast Species Isolated from Stool Samples of Children with Suspected or Diagnosed Autism Spectrum Disorders and In Vitro Susceptibility Against Nystatin and Fluconazole

The Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorders

Is Encephalopathy a Mechanism to Renew Sulfate in Autism?

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