“…Discrete Hidden Markov Model (DHMM) has been widely applied in automatic speech recognition (Digalakis, Tsakalidis, Harizakis, & Neumeyer, 2000;Nwe, Foo, & De Silva, 2003), gesture recognition (Chen, Fu, & Huang, 2003;Gao, Fanga, Zhao, & Chen, 2004;Kim, Song, & Kim, 2007), character recognition (Dehghan, Faez, Ahmadi, & Shridhar, 2001;Khorsheed, 2003;Premaratne, Järpe, & Bigun, 2006), fault diagnosis (Tai, Ching, & Chan, 2009), and medical diagnosis systems (Uguz, Arslan, Saraçoglu, & Türkoglu, 2008a, 2008b. The fundamental theory of hidden Markov models (HMMs) were put forward by Baum and his colleagues at the end of the 1960s (Baum & Egon, 1967;Baum & Petrie, 1970;Baum, 1972).…”