“…The very high resonance frequency (~4000 Hz) deteriorates the applicability of such device in most of the ambient vibrations (1–200 Hz). For low frequency vibration energy harvesting, the non-linear [ 14 ], bistable [ 22 ], magnetostatic [ 23 ] wideband energy harvesters have the bandwidth between 5–19%, which is also lower than the relative tuning range of 64% in this work. These three types of devices have the potential to realize very large bandwidth, but each of them must overcome their inherent behavioral limitations before put into real applications, e.g., hysteresis for nonlinear devices, uncertain dynamic behavior under random and low vibrations for bistable devices and limitation of inter-magnet distance.…”