A Blockchain-Based Byzantine Consensus Algorithm for Information Authentication of the Internet of Vehicles

Hu, Wei; Hu, Yawei; Yao, Wenhui; Li, Huanhao

doi:10.1109/access.2019.2941507

Cited by 80 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…PBFT [12], [29], [30], [35], [41], [42] Achieving high throughput PBFT [11], [31], PoS [36] • We propose an incentive distribution mechanism to reward honest nodes and punish malicious mining nodes and analyze its performance using game theory.…”

Section: Message Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Selection of blockchain consensus suited to IoV is widely discussed in literature. PBFT is recommended as a suitable consensus for message validation among connected vehicles in [12], [33] and [35]. Meanwhile, PoS is also compared with PoW and suggested as a promising consensus for IoV because of its low energy consumption and reduced time delay in [36].…”

Section: Blockchain Based Vehicular Communicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Proof-of-Quality-Factor (PoQF)-Based Blockchain and Edge Computing for Vehicular Message Dissemination

Ayaz

Sheng

Tian

et al. 2021

IEEE Internet Things J.

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Blockchain applications in vehicular networks can offer many advantages including decentralization and improved security. However, most of consensus algorithms in blockchain are difficult to be implemented in a Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANET) without the help of edge computing services. For example, the connectivity in VANET only remains for a short period of time, which is not sufficient for highly time consuming consensus algorithms, e.g., Proof-of-Work, running on mobile edge nodes (vehicles). Other consensus algorithms also have some drawbacks, e.g. Proof-of-Stake (PoS) is biased towards nodes with higher amount of stakes and Proof-of-Elapsed-Time (PoET) is not highly secure against malicious nodes. For these reasons, we propose a voting blockchain based on Proof-of-Quality-Factor (PoQF) consensus algorithm, where threshold number of votes is controlled by edge computing servers. Specifically, PoQF includes voting for message validation and a competitive relay selection process based on probabilistic prediction of channel quality between transmitter and receiver. The performance bounds of failure and latency in message validation are obtained. The paper also analyzes the throughput of block generation, as well as the asymptotic latency, security and communication complexity of PoQF. An incentive distribution mechanism to reward honest nodes and punish malicious nodes is further presented and its effectiveness against collusion of nodes is proved using game theory. Simulation results show that PoQF reduces failure in validation by 11% and 15% as compared to PoS and PoET, respectively, and is 68 ms faster than PoET.

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Section: Message Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Blockchain Based Vehicular Communicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Proof-of-Quality-Factor (PoQF)-Based Blockchain and Edge Computing for Vehicular Message Dissemination

Ayaz

Sheng

Tian

et al. 2021

IEEE Internet Things J.

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“…In literature, authors have focused on security and privacy issues of consensus algorithms in IT. Hu et al [55] has Yang and Li [56] proposed a peer-to-peer (P2P) network for the Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication. This P2P model makes V2V robust and also helps to reduce the storage and computing requirements.…”

Section: B Role Of Bc and Consensus Mechanisms In Itmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on Decentralized Consensus Mechanisms for Cyber Physical Systems

et al. 2020

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Modern industry 4.0 applications are shifting towards decentralized automation of computing and cyber-physical systems (CPS), which necessitates building a robust, secure, and efficient system that performs complex interactions with other physical processes. To handle complex interactions in CPS, trust and consensus among various stakeholders is a prime concern. In a similar direction, consensus algorithms in blockchain have evolved over the years that focus on building smart, robust, and secure CPS. Thus, it is imperative to understand the key components, functional characteristics, and architecture of different consensus algorithms used in CPS. Many consensus algorithms exist in the literature with a specified set of functionalities, performance, and computing services. Motivated from these facts, in this survey, we present a comprehensive analysis of existing state-of-the-art consensus mechanisms and highlight their strength and weaknesses in decentralized CPS applications. In the first part, we present the scope of the proposed survey and identify gaps in the existing surveys. Secondly, we present the review method and objectives of the proposed survey based on research questions that address the gaps in existing studies. Then, we present a solution taxonomy of decentralized consensus mechanisms for various CPS applications. Then, open issues and challenges are also discussed in deploying various consensus mechanisms in the CPS with their merits and demerits. The proposed survey will act as a road-map for blockchain developers and researchers to evaluate and design future consensus mechanisms, which helps to build an efficient CPS for industry 4.0 stakeholders.

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“…Ho et al [14] use blockchain to check information on the internet of vehicles (IOV). They use the Byzantine consensus algorithm to verify the nodes and establish consensus between the peer nodes based on time and gossip protocol.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart Contract Centric Inference Engine For Intelligent Electric Vehicle Transportation System

Byun

2020

Sensors

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The provision of electric vehicles (EVs) is increasing due to the need for ecological green energy. The increment in EVs leads to an intelligent electric vehicle transportation system’s need instead of cloud-based systems to manage privacy and security issues. Collecting and delivering the data to current transportation systems means disclosing personal information about vehicles and drivers. We have proposed a secure and intelligent electric vehicle transportation system based on blockchain and machine learning. The proposed method utilizes the state of the art smart contract module of blockchain to build an inference engine. This system takes the sensors’ data from the vehicle control unit of EV, stores it in the blockchain, makes decisions using an inference engine, and executes those decisions using actuators and user interface. We have utilized a double-layer optimized long short term memory (LSTM) algorithm to predict EV’s stator temperature. We have also performed an informal analysis to demonstrate the proposed system’s robustness and reliability. This system will resolve the security issues for both information and energy interactions in EVs.

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A Blockchain-Based Byzantine Consensus Algorithm for Information Authentication of the Internet of Vehicles

Cited by 80 publications

References 17 publications

A Proof-of-Quality-Factor (PoQF)-Based Blockchain and Edge Computing for Vehicular Message Dissemination

A Proof-of-Quality-Factor (PoQF)-Based Blockchain and Edge Computing for Vehicular Message Dissemination

A Survey on Decentralized Consensus Mechanisms for Cyber Physical Systems

Smart Contract Centric Inference Engine For Intelligent Electric Vehicle Transportation System

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