A Blockchain Framework in Post-Quantum Decentralization

Saha, Rahul; Kumar, Gulshan; Devgun, Tannishtha; Buchanan, William J.; Thomas, Reji; Alazab, Mamoun; Kim, Tai-hoon; Rodrigues, Joel J. P. C.

doi:10.1109/tsc.2021.3116896

Cited by 22 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…While lattice-based and hash-based signatures are prevalent in post-quantum blockchain literature [110], [112], [113], [118], alternative post-quantum techniques have also been proposed. One such example is the utilization of the Rainbow algorithm [119], which is based on the multivariate public key scheme (specifically, the UOV scheme).…”

Section: B12 Academic Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey and Comparison of Post-Quantum and Quantum Blockchains

Yang,

Alfauri,

Farkiani

et al. 2024

IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials

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Blockchains have gained substantial attention from academia and industry for their ability to facilitate decentralized trust and communications. However, the rapid progress of quantum computing poses a significant threat to the security of existing blockchain technologies. Notably, the emergence of Shor's and Grover's algorithms raises concerns regarding the compromise of the cryptographic systems underlying blockchains. Consequently, it is essential to develop methods that reinforce blockchain technology against quantum attacks. In response to this challenge, two distinct approaches have been proposed. The first approach involves post-quantum blockchains, which aim to utilize classical cryptographic algorithms resilient to quantum attacks. The second approach explores quantum blockchains, which leverage the power of quantum computers and networks to rebuild the foundations of blockchains. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview and comparison of post-quantum and quantum blockchains while exploring open questions and remaining challenges in these domains. It offers an in-depth introduction, examines differences in blockchain structure, security, privacy, and other key factors, and concludes by discussing current research trends.

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Section: B12 Academic Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey and Comparison of Post-Quantum and Quantum Blockchains

Yang,

Alfauri,

Farkiani

et al. 2024

IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials

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“…Li et al 17 have proposed efficient anti‐quantum lattice based blind signatures for blockchain enabled system. Saha et al 18 have proposed an advanced blockchain design for post quantum secure decentralized database.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A module lattice based construction of post quantum secure blockchain architecture

Chaudhary,

Durgarao,

Mishra

et al. 2023

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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The Fiat–Shamir with Aborts paradigm of Lyubashevsky introduced efficient lattice based signatures. A lattice‐based signature is used to design post quantum secure blockchain architecture. But, a blockchain is always consisting of multiple nodes, and then we need an efficient aggregate signature to verify nodes in one‐step. We have designed a blockchain using module lattices. Blockchain security relies upon two assumptions, (1) module learning with errors and (2) module short integer solution. The proposed design ensures security against quantum attacks. The design is simulated in ns‐3 to capture latency and throughput, respectively.

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“…Gao et al [35] introduced a novel quantum blockchain scheme, employing quantum entanglement and proxy proof to achieve higher efficiency and security than traditional blockchain methods. Saha et al [36] presented a remedy for decentralization in blockchain technology under post-quantum settings. During verification processes, they used latticebased aggregation signatures to reduce blockchain storage space and network traffic costs.…”

Section: Application Of Post-quantum Algorithms On the Blockchainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain Privacy Protection Based on Post Quantum Threshold Algorithm

Wu¹,

Zhou²,

Jiang³

et al. 2023

Computers, Materials &Amp; Continua

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With the rapid increase in demand for data trustworthiness and data security, distributed data storage technology represented by blockchain has received unprecedented attention. These technologies have been suggested for various uses because of their remarkable ability to offer decentralization, high autonomy, full process traceability, and tamper resistance. Blockchain enables the exchange of information and value in an untrusted environment. There has been a significant increase in attention to the confidentiality and privacy preservation of blockchain technology. Ensuring data privacy is a critical concern in cryptography, and one of the most important protocols used to achieve this is the secret-sharing method. By dividing the secret into shares and distributing them among multiple parties, no one can access the secret without the cooperation of the other parties. However, Attackers with quantum computers in the future can execute Grover's and Shor's algorithms on quantum computers that can break or reduce the currently widely used cryptosystems. Furthermore, centralized management of keys increases the risk of key leakage. This paper proposed a post-quantum threshold algorithm to reduce the risk of data privacy leakage in blockchain Systems. This algorithm uses distributed key management technology to reduce the risk of individual node private key leakage and provide post-quantum security. The proposed privacy-preserving cryptographic algorithm provides a postquantum threshold architecture for managing data, which involves defining users and interaction processes within the system. This paper applies a linear secret-sharing solution to partition the private key of the Number Theory Research Unit (NTRU) algorithm into n parts. It constructs a t-n threshold that allows recovery of the plaintext only when more than t nodes participate in decryption. The characteristic of a threshold makes the scheme resistant to collusion attacks from members whose combined credibility is less than the threshold. This mitigates the risk of single-point private key leakage. During the threshold decryption process, the private key information of the nodes will 958 CMC, 2023, vol.76, no.1 not be leaked. In addition, the fact that the threshold algorithm is founded on the NTRU lattice enables it to withstand quantum attacks, thus enhancing its security. According to the analysis, the proposed scheme provides superior protection compared to currently available methods. This paper provides postquantum security solutions for data security protection of blockchain, which will enrich the use of blockchain in scenarios with strict requirements for data privacy protection.

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A Blockchain Framework in Post-Quantum Decentralization

Cited by 22 publications

References 46 publications

A Survey and Comparison of Post-Quantum and Quantum Blockchains

A Survey and Comparison of Post-Quantum and Quantum Blockchains

A module lattice based construction of post quantum secure blockchain architecture

Blockchain Privacy Protection Based on Post Quantum Threshold Algorithm

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