A bottom-up estimation of the heating and cooling demand in European industry

Abstract

Energy balances are usually aggregated at the level of subsector and energy carrier. While heating and cooling accounts for half the energy demand of the European Union’s 28 member states plus Norway, Switzerland and Iceland (EU28 + 3), currently, there are no end-use balances that match Eurostat’s energy balance for the industrial sector. Here, we present a methodology to disaggregate Eurostat’s energy balance for the industrial sector. Doing so, we add the dimensions of temperature level and end-use. The results show that, although a similar distribution of energy use by temperature level can be observed, there are considerable differences among individual countries. These differences are mainly caused by the countries’ heterogeneous economic structures, highlighting that approaches on a process level yield more differentiated results than those based on subsectors only. We calculate the final heating demand of the EU28 + 3 for industrial processes in 2012 to be 1035, 706 and 228 TWh at the respective temperature levels > 500 °C (e.g. iron and steel production), 100–500 °C (e.g. steam use in chemical industry) and < 100 °C (e.g. food industry); 346 TWh is needed for space heating. In addition, 86 TWh is calculated for the industrial process cooling demand for electricity in EU28 + 3. We estimate additional 12 TWh of electricity demand for industrial space cooling. The results presented here have contributed to policy discussions in the EU (European Commision 2016), and we expect the additional level of detail to be relevant when designing policies regarding fuel dependency, fuel switching and specific technologies (e.g. low-temperature heat applications)

The role of sector coupling in the green transition: A least-cost energy system development in North Europe towards 2050

“…The modelling of individual users considers the end purpose of heat demand. Inspired from [31] and [32], heat demand modelling in industry is based on temperature needs.…”

“…Specific data for the industry sector. Time series for the different heat processes and space-heating demand are taken from [80], whereas annual demand and remaining industrial data are based on data from [32]. The national heat demand split across regions is based on the electricity demand shares.…”

Characterization and visualization of industrial excess heat for different levels of on‐site process heat recovery

“…Several studies conclude that lack of data for industrial process heating demands is a constraining factor in studies of industrial energy systems. For example, Rehfeldt et al 47 argue in their introduction that there is a need for more detailed (less aggregated) data for industrial energy end-use. Brueckner et al 9 conclude in their review of methods for estimation of industrial waste heat potentials that "lack of data is a very huge obstacle to the quantification and usage of the industrial waste heat," and Naegler et al 48 conclude that "A serious obstacle in this study is the difficulty to obtain reliable, up-todate data for energy usage and PH [process heating] temperature levels on a national and industry branch level.…”

Small-Scale Modelling of Individual Greenhouse Gas Abatement Measures in Industry

“…(1) Measure identification number (2) Electricity change 3Fuel change (4) Application factor (5) Lifetime (6) Investment (7) Fixed operating costs (8) Measure category (9) Substitution process of process route change (10) CO 2 -capture rate (11) Identification number of process or cross-section on which the measure has an effect (12) Initial year measure implementation (13) End year measure implementation (14) Economic branch name, on which the measure has an effect (15) Process name on which the measure has an effect (16) Identification number substitution process of process route change (17) Identification number economic branch (18) Natural replacement rate (19) Function of replacement rate (20) Static GHG abatement costs (21) Annuity measure investment (22) Non-annuity fixed operating costs (23) Annuity measure costs (24) Yearly measure implementation amount (25) Cumulated measure implementation amount (26) Energy carrier change reference (27) Energy carrier change substitution…”

“…The full implementation of generic energy efficiency measures is determined by Equations (19) and (20). The measure potential is included in the reference scenario on the basis of the already implemented measures, the lifetime and the limited measure potential due to the already increased efficiency:…”