Radiopharmaceuticals are in the diagnosis and treatment of cancerous and noncancerous
diseases, and a hope for optimistic effort in the field of nuclear medicine. They play a
crucial role in clinical nuclear medicine by providing a tool to comprehend human disease and
create efficient treatments. A detailed analysis is provided regarding the crux of molecular
imaging including PET and SPECT overview for the detection of cancers. For a specified
understanding of radiation therapy, topics include ranging from the selection of radionuclide to
its development and manufacture, and dosage requirements to establishing the importance of I-
131 Radiotherapy in thyroid cancer. In this review, we also discussed the current state of the art
of nuclear medicine in thyroid cancer, including the role of radioiodine (RAI) therapeutic scans
in the diagnosis of differentiated thyroid cancer. In addition, we established a brief outlook into
the current status of the research in thyroid cancer and discussed the future directions in this
field.