A buyer-seller watermarking protocol for digital secondary market

Abstract

In the digital right management value chain, digital watermarking technology plays a very important role in digital product's security, especially on its usage tracking and copyrights infringement authentication. However, watermark procedures can only effectively support copyright protection processes if they are applied as part of an appropriate watermark protocol. In this regard, a number of watermark protocols have been proposed in the literature and have been shown to facilitate the use of digital watermarking technology as copyright protection. One example of such protocols is the anonymous buyer-seller watermarking protocol. Although there are a number of protocols that have been proposed in the literature and provide suitable solutions, they are mainly designed as a watermarking protocol for the first-hand market and are unsuitable for second-hand transactions. As the complexity of online transaction increases, so does the size of the digital second-hand market. In this paper, we present a new buyer-seller watermark protocol that addresses the needs of customer's rights problem in the digital secondary market. The proposed protocol consists of five sub-protocols that cover the registration process, watermarking process for the first, second and third-hand transactions as well as the identification & arbitration processes. This paper provides analysis that compares the proposed protocols with existing state-of-the-arts and shows that it has met not only all the buyer's and seller's requirements in the traditional sense but also accommodates the same requirements in the secondary market.

Approximation-based homomorphic encryption for secure and efficient blockchain-driven watermarking service

“…The detailed step to implement DCT-SVD watermarking is as. − Transform the original image (I) using DCT (5) and decompose the result using SVD operation to retrieve three matrices, the orthogonal matrices UI and VhI and a singular vector SI (6).…”

“…Several works proposed secure and transparent methods for web-based watermarking protocols, either by using trusted authority [4]- [6] or client-side embedding [7]- [10]. Despite the efforts, the works cannot provide full transparency for the watermarking process.…”

A Blockchain Based Buyer-seller Watermark Protocol with Trustless Third Party

“…The use of the smart contract enables the watermark protocol to perform transaction process in real time, efficiently and automatically. The proposed watermarking protocol is based on our previous work [27] and also draws on the experience of Frrattoillo's work [21] which aims: 1. To fulfil the buyer-seller requirement with trustless third party 2.…”

“…The dishonest owner could distribute the copy of digital content freely without reduce any quality. Currently, there is only one watermark protocol research paper introduce the experience for the second-hand and thirdhand market [27]. Further standardized and develop the second-hand market would make a contribute to protect the rights and interests of different parties.…”