A Case-Control Study of Non-Hodgkinʼs Lymphoma and the Herbicide 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2, 4-D) in Eastern Nebraska

Zahm, Shelia Hoar; Weisenburger, Dennis D.; Babbitt, Paula A.; Saal, Robert C.; Vaught, Jimmie B.; Cantor, Kenneth P.; Blair, Aaron

doi:10.1097/00001648-199009000-00004

Cited by 312 publications

(196 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In addition, in several studies since the 1980s, exposure to herbicides has been investigated as a risk factor for NHL in general (Hardell et al, 1981(Hardell et al, , 1994Hoar et al, 1986;Persson et al, 1989;Zahm et al, 1990). Our results show an increased risk for all herbicides including phenoxyacetic acids, with the highest OR for exposure to MCPA.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Occupational exposures, animal exposure and smoking as risk factors for hairy cell leukaemia evaluated in a case-control study

Nordström¹,

Hardell²,

Magnuson³

et al. 1998

Br J Cancer

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Summary To evaluate occupational exposures as risk factors for hairy cell leukaemia (HCL), a population-based case-control study on 121 male HCL patients and 484 controls matched for age and sex was conducted. Elevated odds ratio (OR) was found for exposure to farm animals in general: OR 2.0, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.2-3.2. The ORs were elevated for exposure to cattle, horse, hog, poultry and sheep. Exposure to herbicides (OR 2.9, Cl 1.4-5.9), insecticides (OR 2.0, Cl 1.1-3.5), fungicides (OR 3.8, Cl 1.4-9.9) and impregnating agents (OR 2.4, Cl 1.3-4.6) also showed increased risk. Certain findings suggested that recall bias may have affected the results for farm animals, herbicides and insecticides. Exposure to organic solvents yielded elevated risk (OR 1.5, Cl 0.99-2.3), as did exposure to exhaust fumes (OR 2.1, Cl 1.3-3.3). In an additional multivariate model, the ORs remained elevated for all these exposures with the exception of insecticides. We found a reduced risk for smokers with OR 0.6 (Cl 0.4-1.1) because of an effect among non-farmers.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Occupational exposures, animal exposure and smoking as risk factors for hairy cell leukaemia evaluated in a case-control study

Nordström¹,

Hardell²,

Magnuson³

et al. 1998

Br J Cancer

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“…20,21 In Iowa and Minnesota, all newly diagnosed cases of NHL among white men aged Ն30 were ascertained from records of the Iowa State Health Registry and a special surveillance system of Minnesota hospitals and pathology laboratories from 1980 to 1983 (n ϭ 530). In Nebraska, all cases of NHL diagnosed between July 1983 and June 1986 among white men and women aged Ն21 in 45 eastern counties were identified through the Nebraska Lymphoma Study Group and area hospitals (n ϭ 346).…”

Section: Study Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma among asthmatics exposed to pesticides

Lee

Cantor

Berzofsky

et al. 2004

Intl Journal of Cancer

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We conducted a pooled analysis of population-based casecontrol studies in Iowa, Minnesota and Nebraska to investigate whether asthma modifies risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) associated with pesticide exposures. Cases (n ‫؍‬ 872) diagnosed with NHL from 1980 to 1986 and frequency-matched controls (n ‫؍‬ 2,381) randomly selected from the same geographic areas as the cases were included. Information on use of pesticides and history of asthma was based on interviews. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate ORs, adjusted for age, state and vital status. Of all subjects, 177 (45 cases, 132 controls) reported having been told by their doctor that they had asthma. Subjects with an asthma history had a nonsignificantly lower risk of NHL than nonasthmatics (OR ‫؍‬ 0.6, 95% CI 0.3-1.4), and there was no main effect of pesticide exposure (OR ‫؍‬ 1.0, 95% CI 0.8 -1.2). However, asthmatics tended to have larger ORs associated with exposure to pesticides than nonasthmatics. The OR among asthmatics was 1.8 (95% CI 1.1-3.2) for everuse of crop insecticides, 2.7 (95% CI 1.0 -7.2) for chlordane, 2.4 (95% CI 1.0 -5.7) for lindane and 3.7 (95% CI 1.3-10.9) for fonofos. Among nonasthmatics, ORs were 1.1 (0.9 -1.3), 1. Incidence and mortality rates for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) have been increasing worldwide over the past several decades. 1 Although the reasons for this increase are not fully understood, NHL is known to be associated with a compromised immune system, particularly acquired or genetic immunodeficiencies. 2,3 Medical conditions related to more subtle immune alteration, such as asthma and other allergic conditions, have also been studied as potential risk factors for NHL. 4 -10 These reports have described a decreased risk for NHL among persons with a history of asthma or allergies, 4,5 no association 6 -8 or an increase in risk. 9,10 Exposure to pesticides has also been suggested as a possible risk factor for NHL. [11][12][13][14][15] Pesticides may increase cancer risk by altering the immune system. 16 -19 Because both asthma and pesticide exposure may change the risk of NHL by immunologic alterations, we investigated the relation between pesticide exposure, asthma and risk of NHL. MATERIAL AND METHODS Study populationWe pooled data from 2 population-based case-control studies of NHL in 3 midwestern states in the United States, which have been described in detail previously. 20,21 In Iowa and Minnesota, all newly diagnosed cases of NHL among white men aged Ն30 were ascertained from records of the Iowa State Health Registry and a special surveillance system of Minnesota hospitals and pathology laboratories from 1980 to 1983 (n ϭ 530). In Nebraska, all cases of NHL diagnosed between July 1983 and June 1986 among white men and women aged Ն21 in 45 eastern counties were identified through the Nebraska Lymphoma Study Group and area hospitals (n ϭ 346). All cases were reviewed by pathologists, and only histologically confirmed cases were included in this analysis. Controls were randomly selected from ...

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“…Questionnaire methods have been used to assess agricultural pesticide exposures among farmers and pesticide applicators (14)(15)(16). However, other methods are needed to identify agricultural pesticide exposures in the general population; those in the general population are not likely to know the types of pesticides used in the vicinity of their residences.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because pesticide use varies by type of crop (25), crop type can be used to identify source areas for potential exposure to agricultural pesticides. We conducted the study in three counties in Nebraska that were part of a population-based case-control study of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) designed to evaluate the use of specific pesticides by farmers as a risk factor for NHL (14). We located the study participants' residences on the crop map and determined the proportion of the study population that lived within the range of potential pesticide drift from crop fields.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…associated descriptive information) and the sources of the data in Table 1. Study area and population. Figure 1 shows the location of the three counties in our feasibility study and the eight Landsat images that cover most of the 66 counties in the original population-based case-control study of NHL (14). Three We classified the six dominant agricultural land cover types in the study area: corn, sorghum, soybeans, alfalfa, rangeland, and bare soil.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identifying Populations Potentially Exposed to Agricultural Pesticides Using Remote Sensing and a Geographic Information System

Ward¹,

Nuckols²,

Weigel³

et al. 2000

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Pesticides used in agriculture may cause adverse health effects among the population living near agricultural areas. However, identifring the populations most likely to be exposed is difficult.We conducted a feasibility study to determine whether satellite imagery could be used to reconstmct historical crop patterns. We used historical Fann Service Agency records as a source of ground reference data to classify a late summer 1984 satellite image into crop species in a threecounty area in south central Nebraska. Residences from a population-based epidemiologic study of non-Hodgkin lymphoma were located on the crop maps using a geographic information system (GIS). Corn, soybeans, sorghum, and alfilfa were the major crops grown in the study area. Eighty-five percent of residences could be located, and of these 22% had one of the four major crops within 500 m of the residence, an intermediate distance for the range of drift effects from pesticides applied in agriculture. We determined the proximity of residences to specific crop species and calculated crop-specific probabilities of pesticide use based on available data. This feasibility study demonstrated that remote sensing data and historical records on crop location can be used to create historical crop maps. The crop pesticides that were likely to have been applied can be estimated when information about crop-specific pesticide use is available. Using a GIS, zones of potential exposure to agricultural pesticides and proximity measures can be determined for residences in a study.

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A Case-Control Study of Non-Hodgkinʼs Lymphoma and the Herbicide 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2, 4-D) in Eastern Nebraska

Cited by 312 publications

References 31 publications

Occupational exposures, animal exposure and smoking as risk factors for hairy cell leukaemia evaluated in a case-control study

Occupational exposures, animal exposure and smoking as risk factors for hairy cell leukaemia evaluated in a case-control study

Non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma among asthmatics exposed to pesticides

Identifying Populations Potentially Exposed to Agricultural Pesticides Using Remote Sensing and a Geographic Information System

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