None.

Susceptibility to lung cancer may in part be attributable to inter-individual variability in metabolic activation or detoxification of tobacco carcinogens. The glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) genetic polymorphism has been extensively studied in this context; two recent meta-analyses of case-control studies suggested an association between GSTM1 deletion and lung cancer. At least 15 studies have been published after these overviews. We undertook a new meta-analysis to summarize the results of 43 published case-control studies including >18 000 individuals. A slight excess of risk of lung cancer for individuals with the GSTM1 null genotype was found (odds ratio (OR) = 1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-1.27). No evidence of publication bias was found (P = 0.4), however, it is not easy to estimate the extent of such bias and we cannot rule out some degree of publication bias in our results. A pooled analysis of the original data of about 9500 subjects involved in 21 case-control studies from the International Collaborative Study on Genetic Susceptibility to Environmental Carcinogens (GSEC) data set was performed to assess the role of GSTM1 genotype as a modifier of the effect of smoking on lung cancer risk with adequate power. Analyses revealed no evidence of increased risk of lung cancer among carriers of the GSTM1 null genotype (age-, gender- and center-adjusted OR = 1.08, 95% CI 0.98-1.18) and no evidence of interaction between GSTM1 genotype and either smoking status or cumulative tobacco consumption.

Our analyses did not find any clear associations between atrazine exposure and any cancer analyzed. However, further studies are warranted for tumor types in which there was a suggestion of trend (lung, bladder, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and multiple myeloma).

Our findings suggest an association between chlorpyrifos use and incidence of lung cancer that deserves further evaluation.

Background Ingestion of pesticides (mainly paraquat) accounted for one fifth of suicides in South Korea in [2006][2007][2008][2009][2010]. We investigated the effect on suicide mortality of regulatory action, culminating in a ban on paraquat in South Korea in 2011-2012. MethodsWe calculated age-standardized method-specific suicide mortality rates among people aged >15 in South Korea (1983Korea ( -2013 using registered death data. Negative binomial regression was used to estimate changes in the rate and number of pesticide suicides in 2013, compared to those expected based on previous trends (2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011).Results Pesticide suicide mortality halved from 5.26 to 2.67 per 100 000 population between 2011 and 2013. Compared with the number expected based on previous trends, the regulations were followed by an estimated 847 (95% confidence interval [CI] -1180 to -533) fewer pesticide suicides, a 37% reduction in rates (rate ratio=0.63, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.73) in 2013. The decline in pesticide suicides after the regulations was seen in all age/gender/geographic groups. The absolute reduction in the number of suicides was greatest among men, the elderly, and in rural areas. The reduction in pesticide suicides contributed to 56% of the decline in overall suicides that occurred between 2011 and 2013. There was no impact of the regulations on crop yield. ConclusionsThe regulation of paraquat in South Korea in 2011-2012 was associated with a reduction in pesticide suicide. Further legislative interventions to prevent the easy availability of highly lethal suicide methods are recommended for reducing the number of suicides worldwide.