A case–control study on etiological factors involved in patients with burning mouth syndrome

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and analyze the risk factors for burning mouth syndrome (BMS). METHODS: Eighty-seven consecutive patients with BMS and a randomly selected control group (n = 82) were comprehensively investigated with a self-designed questionnaire, Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). A complete blood count and serum sex hormone were also examined in patients with BMS and control subjects. All the data obtained were transferred to a data bank and analyzed statistically in SPSS 11.5 for windows. RESULTS: No statistical difference between the BMS group and the control group was found in blood analyses including white blood cell count, red blood cell count, hemoglobin and platelet count. Among the menopausal or postmenopausal women with BMS, the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level was significantly higher, but the estradiol level was significantly lower. The BMS group reported adverse life events more frequently than the control group. Patients with BMS significantly exhibited symptoms of somatization, and both the scores of anxiety, depression in patients with BMS were higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). A regression equation which included six variables had been established by using logistic regression analysis, indicating that the habit of tongue thrusting, lip sucking, periodontitis, smoking, outcome of recent medication, depression were the principal risk factors, among which tongue thrusting was the most significant. CONCLUSION: Our study indicated that BMS may be of psychological origin, and the measures such as refraining from oral parafunctional activities, removing local irritating factors, stopping smoking, good mental health status could help in the prevention of BMS.

Queixas fonoaudiológicas e verificação da fala de indivíduos com diagnóstico de ardência bucal e xerostomia

“…This datum may point that both BMS and dry mouth seem to affect mainly the population aged 50 years or around (1,15,24) . Regarding patients' clinical history, the symptomatic groups showed similarities in may aspects, which agrees with the reviewed literature (2,(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)11,16,22,23) . Some studies, however, found variations especially regarding the intensity of the symptom (4,22,24) .…”

“…Strategies employed to minimize oral discomfort in both symptomatic groups most patients with burning mouth (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) and dry mouth (15,19,24,29) complaints are female. Control Group was paired as to gender, in order to avoid biases regarding this variable.…”

“…The incidence of BMS is higher in middle-aged women and in elderly individuals (1,5) . The intensity of the burning or blazing sensation is variable, and is intensified in the course of the day (4,6) .…”

“…The intensity of the burning or blazing sensation is variable, and is intensified in the course of the day (4,6) . Frequently, the blazing sensation affects more than one area (2,4) , and the tongue is mentioned as the most affected structure (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7) ; it can also affect other structures of the oral cavity, such as lips, palate, gums and buccal mucosa (3)(4)(5) , as well as -though less frequently -the floor of the mouth (3) and the oropharynx (2) . The term "syndrome" in BMS is used because of the simultaneous association between the burning sensation and other subjective symptoms, such as xerostomia and dysgeusia (2,4,7,8) .…”

“…The term "syndrome" in BMS is used because of the simultaneous association between the burning sensation and other subjective symptoms, such as xerostomia and dysgeusia (2,4,7,8) . BMS etiology is described as multifactorial (5) due to its enigmatic condition.…”