A Case of Chronic Wasting Disease in an Elk Imported to Korea from Canada.

Sohn, Hyun‐Joo; Kim, Jae-Hoon; Choi, Kang-Seuk; Nah, Jin‐Ju; Joo, Yi-Seok; Jean, Young-Hwa; Ahn, Soo Whan; Kim, Ok‐Kyung; Kim, Dae-Yong; Balachandran, Aru

doi:10.1292/jvms.64.855

Cited by 122 publications

(105 citation statements)

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“…This disease was confirmed only in elk in the Republic of Korea in 2001, 2004 and 2005 [7,10]. Additional CWD cases were observed in red deer, sika deer, and crossbred sika and red deer in 2010 (unpublished data).…”

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confidence: 86%

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Strain Characterization of the Korean CWD Cases in 2001 and 2004

Lee

Sohn

Kim

et al. 2013

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) has been recognized as a naturally occurring prion disease in North American deer (Odocoileus species), Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) and moose (Alces alces). The disease was confirmed only in elk in the Republic of Korea in 2001Korea in , 2004Korea in and 2005. Epidemiological investigations showed that CWD was introduced via importation of infected elk from Canada between 1994 and 1997. In spite of the increasing geographic distribution and host range of CWD, little is known about the prion strain (s) responsible for distinct outbreaks of the disease. We carried out strain characterization, using transgenic mice overexpressing elk prion protein, including clinical assessment, pathological examination and biochemical analyses, in brain tissues derived following primary through tertiary transmissions. The final incubation period was shortened to approximately 130 dpi due to adaptation. Biochemical profiles remained identical between passages. Lesion profiling in recipient mice brains showed similar patterns of vacuolation scores and intensity. It is clear that there were no biochemical or histopathological differences in Korean CWD cases in 2001 and 2004, suggesting a single strain was responsible for the outbreaks.

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confidence: 86%

“…The polymorphism in Prnp at residue 132 was methionine/methionine (MM). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was conducted as described previously, with minor modifications [10]. The primary antibody was monoclonal antibody F99/97.6.1 (VMRD, Pullman, WA, U.S.A.).…”

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Strain Characterization of the Korean CWD Cases in 2001 and 2004

Lee

Sohn

Kim

et al. 2013

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…Recently, it has been reported that elk imported from Canada to Korea were diagnosed with CWD (15). It is necessary for animal quarantine to include precautions for CWD.…”

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“…Fortunately, CWD was not detected among the examined Japanese sika deer in this study (Table 3). CWD had been observed in the cervids that were imported to Korea (15). It has been reported that the first case of scrapie in Japan was observed in sheep that were imported from Canada (14).…”

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confidence: 99%

Applicability of Current Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Diagnostic Procedures for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)

Masujin

Shimada

Kimura

et al. 2007

Microbiology and Immunology

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Chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids, including Rocky mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), is one of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases (12,16,18,19,21). TSEs are neurodegenerative disorders that include scrapie in sheep and goat, bovine spongiform encephalopathies (BSE) in cattle, and the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. TSEs are characterized by spongiform changes in the central nervous system (CNS) and the accumulation of an abnormal prion protein (PrP Sc ) in the CNS and lymphoid tissues; this abnormal protein is a partially protease-resistant isoform of the normal cellular prion protein (PrP C ). The PrP Sc has been recognized as a major component of the TSE pathogen and is the only known disease-specific marker (2).The occurrence of CWD has been observed in a limited region of North America (16,20). However, the geographic distribution of CWD in North America has been expanding, and it has become a serious problem in recent times (17). Moreover, it has raised concerns regarding the risk to humans. Horizontal transmission of CWD via salivation is suspected among free-ranging deer (11). However, the precise route of transmission of CWD remains obscure.There have been no reports regarding the occurrence of CWD in Japan. Recently, it has been reported that elk imported from Canada to Korea were diagnosed with CWD (15). It is necessary for animal quarantine to include precautions for CWD. At present, 2 commercial kits are adopted and used for BSE screening in Japan. For the confirmatory test using Western blotting (WB) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), several anti-prion protein (PrP) antibodies are utilized. The crossreactivity of these antibodies against both cattle and sheep PrP has been demonstrated in WB and IHC, and these confirmatory tests are also used for the diagnosis of sheep scrapie. However, the immunoreactivity of these antibodies against the PrP Sc of cervids has not been exam-

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“…TSEs are characterized by abnormal prion proteins (PrP Sc ) acting as infectious agents, which are generated by posttranslational modification of normal prion proteins (PrP C ) that accumulate in the brain and lead to diseases [10,13]. No TSEs have been found in any animal species in the Republic of Korea except for CWD, which is known to have originated from imported elk from Canada [12]. National CWD surveillance has been conducted since 2001, and subsequent cases were found in farmed elk in 2004 and 2005 [6].…”

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Establishment of a Cell Line Persistently Infected with Chronic Wasting Disease Prions

Kim

Tark

Lee

et al. 2012

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. Elk prion protein (PrP C ) has been confirmed to be capable of rendering rabbit epithelial RK13 cells permissive to temporal infection by chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions. The present study satisfactorily generated persistently CWD prion-affected RK13 cells (RKC1-11) using elk PrP C expressing cells (elkRK13) that were generated via the lentiviral expression system with high efficiency. The elkRK13 cells have been shown to be permissive to accumulation of abnormal isoforms of prion protein (PrP Sc ) resulting from CWD prions up to 97 serial passages thus far. This novel prion-affected cell line will help facilitate investigation of the molecular basis of CWD prion pathogenesis and confirmation of CWD prion infectivity in vitro. KEY WORDS: CWD, infection, lentivirus, prion, RK13 cells. doi: 10.1292/jvms.12-0061; J. Vet. Med. Sci. 74(10): 1377-1380, 2012 Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a neurodegenerative disorder in cervids and a member of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), also known as prion diseases. TSEs are characterized by abnormal prion proteins (PrP Sc ) acting as infectious agents, which are generated by posttranslational modification of normal prion proteins (PrP C ) that accumulate in the brain and lead to diseases [10,13]. No TSEs have been found in any animal species in the Republic of Korea except for CWD, which is known to have originated from imported elk from Canada [12]. National CWD surveillance has been conducted since 2001, and subsequent cases were found in farmed elk in 2004 and 2005 [6]. More recently, CWD cases were detected in farmed elk, sika deer, red deer, and crossbred sika and red deer in 2010. This is the first report of natural CWD cases in red deer and sika deer (unpublished data). Epidemiologically speaking, it is possible that these indigenous CWD cases are associated with the imported CWD-affected elk.Several lines of persistently prion-affected cells have represented relevant and useful experimental models [14]. Mouse neuroblastoma cell lines (N2a) are the most commonly used; however, their use is limited by the fact that they are susceptible only to mouse-adapted prion strains. In contrast, rabbit kidney epithelial cells (RK13), which overexpress exogenous sheep PrP C , have been confirmed to be susceptible to natural sheep scrapie [3]. On the other hand, CWD prion persistently infected cell lines have been established from transformed primary mule deer brain cells [11]. Attempts to establish persistent CWD prion infection in a cell line have previously been unsuccessful, resulting in transient PrP Sc accumulation in elk PrP C -expressing RK13 cells [1].In this study, we attempted to establish a CWD prion persistently infected cell line to help characterize CWD prions, which are currently causing sporadic disease in South Korea. We tested the lentiviral protein expression system [5] as an approach method because it has broad tropism to a range of species and cell types, a stably expressed cell line is easily selected using safe laboratory ...

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A Case of Chronic Wasting Disease in an Elk Imported to Korea from Canada.

Cited by 122 publications

References 12 publications

Strain Characterization of the Korean CWD Cases in 2001 and 2004

Strain Characterization of the Korean CWD Cases in 2001 and 2004

Applicability of Current Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Diagnostic Procedures for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)

Establishment of a Cell Line Persistently Infected with Chronic Wasting Disease Prions

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