Summary A low concentration of differentiation inducers such as dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), sodium butyrate, hexamethylene bisacetamide and sodium phenylacetate greatly enhanced the antiproliferative effect in vitro and in vivo of interferon a (IFN-a) to several human lung adenocarcinoma cells. The agents induced morphological changes in the adenocarcinoma cells and the agents together with IFN-a-induced alkaline phosphatase activity, which is a typical marker of type II pneumocyte maturation. To understand the mechanism of the DMSO-enhanced interferon sensitivity, we examined the effect of DMSO on high-affinity IFN-a receptor and interferon-stimulated promoter-binding factors. The lung adenocarcinoma cells were not impaired in IFN-a receptor and interferon-stimulated gene transactivation factor 3 (ISGF-3). Our data suggest that the enhancement of interferon sensitivity in the lung adenocarcinoma cells acts downstream of the activation of ISGF-3.Keywords: interferon; lung carcinoma; differentiation inducer; biological response modifier Lung cancer survival remains poor, with approximately 13% a 5 year survival in 1993 (Ginsberg et al., 1993). The most active drugs so far have been cis-platinum (II) diamine dichloride (CDDP) (Loether and Einhorn, 1984), vindesine (Klastersky et al., 1983), vinblastin, mitomycin C and ifosphamide (Worrall, 1982) in the chemotherapy of nonsmall-cell lung cancer. The overall response rate is in the range 20-30% with 3-5% complete responses (Donnadieu et al., 1991). The current treatment results from non-smallcell lung cancer clearly call for improved therapy.The degree of differentiation is an important prognostic factor in many tumours. Induction of differentiation is closely linked to loss of tumorigenicity, and differentiation inducers can block the phenotypic expression of malignant cells. The use of all-trans retinoic acid in the treatment of patients with acute promyelocytic leukaemia has shown that differentiation therapy can lead to a predictable clinical remission (Huang et al., 1988;Degos, 1990;Ohno et al., 1993). However, administration of differentiation inducer alone in experimental therapy of solid tumours has produced only low remission rates. Furthermore, differentiation induction of solid tumours is not always an irreversible process. These b findings call for other strategies, such as combination of differentiation induction with chemotherapy, radiotherapy and/or immunotherapy. Induction of differentiation alters the properties of leukaemia and embryonal carcinoma cells, such as sensitivities to chemotherapeutic drugs (Okabe-Kado et al., 1986;Honma et al., 1991;Okabe-Kado et al., 1991;Guchelaar et al., 1993). We previously reported that treatment with haemin, an inducer of erythroid differentiation, greatly increased the sensitivity of human myeloid leukaemia K562 cells to 1-fl-D-arabinofuranosyl cytosine (Honma et al., 1991;Okabe-Kado et al., 1986), and that erythroid differentiation factor (activin A) enhanced the sensitivity of multidrug-resistant leukaemia cells...