“…To build coalitions with others, the movement, in general, and women's shelters, in particular, changed from a more grassroots approach to one that stressed professionalism, training, and credentialing (Morgan, 1981). The earlier organizational model, emphasizing minimal hierarchy, broad participation, and shared leadership, was replaced by a more formal structure with hierarchical decision making and power structures (Perlmutter, 1994b;Srinivasan & Davis, 1991;Tice, 1990;Whelan, 1996). Concurrently, the rhetoric of the battered women's movement changed from more politicized language emphasizing gendered power divisions created and reinforced by men's control over women, to a social-psychological discourse accentuating dysfunctional family relationships and the use of anger management as the treatment of choice for perpetrators (Pence & Shepard, 1988;Shepard, 1991).…”