A case study of chlorine transport and fate following a large accidental release

Buckley, R.; Hunter, Charles; Werth, David; Whiteside, Morgana T.; Chen, Kuo-Fu; Mazzola, Carl A.

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.08.025

Cited by 33 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…This is the first evidence that exposure of human airway cells to sublethal concentrations of Cl 2 gas, in concentrations likely to be encountered in the vicinity of industrial accidents [4], under conditions designed to model the lung-air interface, (i.e. while the cells covered by small amounts of fluid containing urate, GSH and ascorbate in concentrations found in vivo [3]) decreased mitochondrial function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, sixty tons of Cl 2 were released in Graniteville, South Carolina, following a train derailment. Average Cl 2 levels during a 30 min exposure period were 6, 868, 837 and 89 ppm at 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2 km down-wind from the epicenter of the accident [4]. Eight persons died before reaching medical care; of the 71 persons hospitalized for acute health effects because of chlorine exposure, 1 died in the hospital).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Upregulation of autophagy decreases chlorine-induced mitochondrial injury and lung inflammation

Jurkuvenaite

Benavides

Komarova

et al. 2015

Free Radical Biology and Medicine

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The mechanisms of toxicity during exposure of the airways to chlorinated biomolecules generated during the course of inflammation and chlorine (Cl2) gas are poorly understood. We hypothesized that lung epithelial cell mitochondria are damaged by Cl2 exposure and activation of autophagy mitigates this injury. To address this, NCI-H441 (Human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial) cells were exposed to Cl2 (100 ppm/15 min) and bioenergetics were assessed. One hour after Cl2, cellular bioenergetic function and mitochondrial membrane potential were decreased. These changes were associated with increased MitoSOX™ signal and treatment with the mitochondrial redox modulator, MitoQ, attenuated these bioenergetic defects. At six hours post exposure, there was significant increase of autophagy, which was associated with an improvement of mitochondrial function. Pre-treatment of H441 cells with trehalose (an autophagy activator) improved bioenergetic function whereas 3-methyladenine (an autophagy inhibitor) resulted in increased bioenergetic dysfunction 1 hour post Cl2 exposure. These data indicate that Cl2 induces bioenergetic dysfunction and autophagy plays a protective role in vitro. Addition of trehalose (2 vol%) in the drinking water of C57BL/6 mice for 6 weeks, but not 1 week, before Cl2 (400 ppm/30 min) decreased white blood cells in the BAL at 6 h post Cl2 by 70%. Acute administration of trehalose delivered through inhalation 24 and 1 h prior to the exposure decreased alveolar permeability but not cell infiltration. These data indicate that Cl2 induces bioenergetic dysfunction associated with lung inflammation and suggests that autophagy plays a protective role.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upregulation of autophagy decreases chlorine-induced mitochondrial injury and lung inflammation

Jurkuvenaite

Benavides

Komarova

et al. 2015

Free Radical Biology and Medicine

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“…al, 2008a, 2008b; Buckley et. al, 2007, 2012). We have avoided use of proprietary software because these models may not be in widespread use among those with critical public health and safety decision-making responsibility.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Modeling an irritant gas plume for epidemiologic study

Jani

Reed

Feigley

et al. 2015

International Journal of Environmental Health Research

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Plume dispersion modeling systems are often used in assessing human exposures to chemical hazards for epidemiologic study. We modeled the 2005 Graniteville, South Carolina, 54,915 kg railcar chlorine release using both the Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA) and Hazard Prediction and Assessment Capability (HPAC) plume modeling systems. We estimated the release rate by an engineering analysis combining semi-quantitative observations and fundamental physical principles. The use of regional meteorological conditions was validated by comparing concentration estimates generated by two source-location weather data sets. The HPAC model estimated a chlorine plume with 20 ppm outdoor concentrations up to 7 km downwind and 0.25 km upwind/downgrade. A comparative analysis of our two models showed that HPAC was the best candidate for use as a model system on which epidemiologic studies could be based after further model validation. Further validation studies are needed before individual exposure estimates can be reliable and the chlorine plume more definitively modeled.

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“…Given the widespread use of Cl, exposition to the element occurs frequently due to manipulation of products, transportation or even due to environmental contamination [1,2]. According to the Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry (ATSDR), exposure to Cl may affect the respiratory tract and eyes, causing acute irritation and triggering inflammatory processes [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of direct solid sample analysis for the determination of chlorine in biological materials using electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Gois

Pereira

Welz

et al. 2015

Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy

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A case study of chlorine transport and fate following a large accidental release

Cited by 33 publications

References 44 publications

Upregulation of autophagy decreases chlorine-induced mitochondrial injury and lung inflammation

Upregulation of autophagy decreases chlorine-induced mitochondrial injury and lung inflammation

Modeling an irritant gas plume for epidemiologic study

Application of direct solid sample analysis for the determination of chlorine in biological materials using electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

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