“…According to the available literature, thirteen distinct factors can influence the risks in IP management when an organisation engages in OI. These factors (Table 1) are: (i) IP management style-formal/informal [22,33,47]; (ii) contracts-non-compete/nondisclosure/other contractual agreements [22,33,47]; (iii) licensing model-exclusive/non-exclusive/ IP acquisition/IP transfer [10,15,17,18]; (iv) IP forms-patents/trademarks/copyright/trade secret [17,24,[50][51][52]; (v) business/revenue model-revenue sharing/referral /others [17,25]; (vi) firm size (turn over) [53] ; (vii) stage of the firm-start-up to maturity [48]; (viii) collaborating stage [54] ; (ix) platform strategy [33,38]; (x) OI type-amongst firms/firms, universities/firms, and individuals (crowd sourcing) [26,33,55]; (xi) product types-businessto-business/business-to-consumer/business-to-government [49]; (xii) IP risk assessment and governance procedures [56]; and (xiii) cross-border OI [24]. While factors that can cause risk in IP management are identified, these factors are not being further utilised to assess the level of IP risk in collaborating organisations.…”