A Chimpanzee Genome Project Is a Biomedical Imperative: Figure B1.

Varki, Ajit

doi:10.1101/gr.10.8.1065

Cited by 97 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Cancer. Chimpanzees and other primates in captivity appear to develop much less neoplasia than humans, as noted in earlier reviews (49)(50)(51) and supported by recent studies. To a first approximation, neoplasia was detected in <3% of adults up through older ages.…”

supporting

confidence: 61%

Evolution of the human lifespan and diseases of aging: Roles of infection, inflammation, and nutrition

Finch

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

317

284

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Humans have evolved much longer lifespans than the great apes, which rarely exceed 50 years. Since 1800, lifespans have doubled again, largely due to improvements in environment, food, and medicine that minimized mortality at earlier ages. Infections cause most mortality in wild chimpanzees and in traditional forager-farmers with limited access to modern medicine. Although we know little of the diseases of aging under premodern conditions, in captivity, chimpanzees present a lower incidence of cancer, ischemic heart disease, and neurodegeneration than current human populations. These major differences in pathology of aging are discussed in terms of genes that mediate infection, inflammation, and nutrition. Apolipoprotein E alleles are proposed as a prototype of pleiotropic genes, which influence immune responses, arterial and Alzheimer's disease, and brain development.chimpanzee | pathology H umans have the longest life spans of any primate. Even under the conditions of high mortality experienced by hunterforagers, the human life expectancy at birth (LE 0 ) is twice that of wild chimpanzees. This inquiry considers the demographics and pathology of aging in humans and great apes as an approach to understanding how aging processes evolved with longer lifespans. I argue that immune functions and nutrition have been of major importance in the evolution of aging and longevity.

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supporting

confidence: 61%

Evolution of the human lifespan and diseases of aging: Roles of infection, inflammation, and nutrition

Finch

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

317

284

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“…Some of the genes displaying significant changes in protein sequence or differences in expression between human and chimpanzee might be correlated with physiological or disease susceptibility differences exhibited between the two species 43 . For instance, IFNAR2, IFNGR2, CXADR, ITSN1 and CRYZL1 are directly or indirectly involved in the immune response against various pathogens.…”

Section: Comparative Gene Expression Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA sequence and comparative analysis of chimpanzee chromosome 22

Watanabe

Fujiyama²,

Hattori³

et al. 2004

Nature

209

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Human–chimpanzee comparative genome research is essential for narrowing down genetic changes involved in the acquisition of unique human features, such as highly developed cognitive functions, bipedalism or the use of complex language. Here, we report the high-quality DNA sequence of 33.3 megabases of chimpanzee chromosome 22. By comparing the whole sequence with the human counterpart, chromosome 21, we found that 1.44% of the chromosome consists of single-base substitutions in addition to nearly 68,000 insertions or deletions. These differences are sufficient to generate changes in most of the proteins. Indeed, 83% of the 231 coding sequences, including functionally important genes, show differences at the amino acid sequence level. Furthermore, we demonstrate different expansion of particular subfamilies of retrotransposons between the lineages, suggesting different impacts of retrotranspositions on human and chimpanzee evolution. The genomic changes after speciation and their biological consequences seem more complex than originally hypothesized

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“…To identify and understand the genetic basis of humanity, however, we need to carry out comparative genomic studies with non-human primates (King andWilson 1975, Takahata 1993a). Chimpanzees, which are the closest relative of humans (see Satta et al 2000 and references therein), have been considered to be an appropriate standard for understanding the genetic specificity in humans (Varki 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of DNA and protein polymorphisms between humans and chimpanzees.

Satta

2001

Genes Genet. Syst.

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To examine the nucleotide diversity at silent (synonymous + intron + untranslated) and non-silent (nonsynonymous) sites in chimpanzees and humans, genes at six nuclear loci from two chimpanzees were sequenced. The average silent diversity was 0.19%, which was significantly higher than that in humans (0.05%). This observation suggests a significantly larger effective population size and a higher extent of neutral polymorphism in chimpanzees than in humans. On the other hand, the non-silent nucleotide diversity is similar in both species, resulting in a larger fraction of neutral mutations at non-silent sites in humans than in chimpanzees. Other types of polymorphism data were collected from the literature or databases to examine whether or not they are consistent with the nuclear DNA sequence polymorphism observed here. The nucleotide diversity at both silent and non-silent sites in mitochondrial (mt) DNA genes was compatible with that of the nuclear genes. Microsatellite loci showed a similar high extent of heterozygosity in both species, perhaps due to the combined effect of a high mutation rate and a recent population expansion in humans. At protein loci, humans are more heterozygous than chimpanzees, and the estimated fraction of neutral alleles in humans (0.84) is much larger than that in chimpanzees (0.26). These data show that the neutral fraction in non-silent changes is relatively large in the human population. This difference may be due to a relaxation of the functional constraint against proteins in the human lineage. To evaluate this possibility, it will be necessary to examine nucleotide sequences in relation to the physiological or biochemical properties of proteins.

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A Chimpanzee Genome Project Is a Biomedical Imperative: Figure B1.

Cited by 97 publications

References 66 publications

Evolution of the human lifespan and diseases of aging: Roles of infection, inflammation, and nutrition

Evolution of the human lifespan and diseases of aging: Roles of infection, inflammation, and nutrition

DNA sequence and comparative analysis of chimpanzee chromosome 22

Comparison of DNA and protein polymorphisms between humans and chimpanzees.

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