A circumplex model for maternal behavior.

Schaefer, Earl S.

doi:10.1037/h0041114

Cited by 548 publications

(280 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…23 Together, the constellation reflects a hostile childhood-rearing environment. 24,25 Logistic regression analyses were performed, and risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed to test the predictive contribution to the extreme high (4top tentile) and low (obottom tentile) NS scores of DRD4 gene polymorphism (carrying no or any two-or five-repeat alleles) and of a hostile childhood environment reported by the mother 14 years earlier, and of their interaction. The independent variables were centered to account for multicollinearity.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nature and nurture in novelty seeking

et al. 2003

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A sample of children (n¼92), derived from a representative population sample of healthy young Finns (n¼2149), was studied from childhood to adulthood over 14 years to determine whether the childhood environment moderated the effect of dopamine receptor gene (DRD4) polymorphism on novelty seeking (NS). A significant interaction between the DRD4 alleles and environmental variables was observed. When the childhood-rearing environment was more hostile (emotionally distant, low tolerance of the child's normal activity, and strict discipline), the participants carrying any two-or five-repeat alleles of the DRD4 gene had a significantly greater risk of exhibiting NS scores that were above the 10th percentile on a population distribution of 2149 adult Finnish women and men. The genotype had no effects on NS when the childhood environment was more favorable. Although the results are preliminary, pending replication, they nevertheless provide important information on the long-term effects of nurture and nature on NS temperament.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nature and nurture in novelty seeking

et al. 2003

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“…Early work on parenting styles examined a myriad of dimensions including: responsiveness/unresponsiveness (Baldwin, 1948;Freud, 1933;Rogers, 1960;Sears et al, 1957;Schaefer, 1959), democratic/autocratic (Baldwin, 1948), emotionally involved/uninvolved (Baldwin, 1948), control/noncontrol (Schaefer, 1959), acceptance/rejection (Symonds, 1939), dominance/submission (Symonds, 1939), and restrictiveness/permissiveness (Becker, 1964). Studies conducted by these early researchers found that parents who provide their children with nurture (also described as warmth, responsiveness), independence (also described as democratic), and firm control had children with higher levels of competence and social adeptness (see Baldwin, 1948;Sears et al, 1957).…”

Section: Parenting Style Typologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Relationship Among Parenting Practices, Parenting Styles, and Adolescent School Achievement

2005

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“…Because investigators have often disagreed about which of these approaches is the most appropriate, the advantages and disadvantages of each will be considered, along with recommendations for future research. the first factor were: Acceptance versus rejection, 7 emotional warmth versus hostility, 1 warmth, 6 love versus hostility, 10 and warmth versus hostility. 9 Labels for the second factor in these same five studies were: Dominance versus submission, 7 detachment versus involvement, 1 permissiveness versus strictness, 6 autonomy versus control, 10 and permissiveness versus restrictiveness.…”

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confidence: 99%

Parenting Dimensions and Styles: A Brief History and Recommendations for Future Research

2013

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Over the last decade, researchers have uncovered relationships between general parenting styles and children's obesity. This is an emerging area of research, and there currently is a great deal of interest in the parent's role. This review was written to provide researchers entering this area with a historical introduction to parenting research and to point to some directions for future inquiry. Over the last 75 years, considerable insight has been gained into individual differences in parenting behavior, especially regarding the dimensions underlying individual differences in general parenting approach, and parenting styles resulting from individual differences on these dimensions. The history of empirical attempts to identify parenting dimensions and styles is reviewed briefly, followed by a review of more recent studies of parenting styles. Next is a discussion of data analytic approaches to measuring parenting, with a particular emphasis on variable-centered versus person-centered approaches. Because investigators have often disagreed about which of these approaches is the most appropriate, the advantages and disadvantages of each are considered, along with recommendations for future research.

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A circumplex model for maternal behavior.

Cited by 548 publications

References 12 publications

Nature and nurture in novelty seeking

Nature and nurture in novelty seeking

A Review of the Relationship Among Parenting Practices, Parenting Styles, and Adolescent School Achievement

Parenting Dimensions and Styles: A Brief History and Recommendations for Future Research

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