A climate club to decarbonize the global steel industry

Hermwille, Lukas; Lechtenböhmer, Stefan; Åhman, Max; Asselt, Harro van; Bataille, Chris; Kronshage, Stefan; Tönjes, Annika; Fischedick, Manfred; Oberthür, Sebastian; Garg, Amit; Hall, Catherine; Jochem, Patrick; Schneider, Clemens; Cui, Ryna; Obergassel, Wolfgang; Fragkos, Panagiotis; Vishwanathan, Saritha Sudharmma; Trollip, Hitlon

doi:10.1038/s41558-022-01383-9

Cited by 39 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Scaling costs to the relevant analysis year can be achieved via Equation (7). To obtain cost estimates at plant scale Equation ( 7) is used.…”

Section: Economicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 Further minimizing CO2 emissions of the steel industry has attracted significant interest over the years and numerous companies -accounting for 17% of the global steel production -have adopted net-zero-emission targets. 7 While technology upgrades and improvements in heat recovery can reduce CO2 emissions, 8 these reductions become more incremental as technology matures. Carbon capture at steel facilities has proven to be challenging due to the high concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen (N2), and steam in the flue gases, as well as the unsteady nature of furnace off-gases (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Green steel: design and cost analysis of hydrogen-based direct iron reduction

Rosner

Papadias

Brooks

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Hydrogen-based direct reduced iron (H2-DRI) is an alternative pathway for low-carbon steel production. Yet, the lack of established process and business models defining “green steel” make it difficult to understand what the respective H2 price has to be in order to be competitive with commercial state-of-the-art natural gas DRI. Given the importance of establishing break-even H2 prices and CO2 emission reduction potentials of H2-DRI, this study conducted techno-economic analyses of several design and operation scenarios for DRI systems. Results show that renewable H2 use in integrated DRI steel mills for both heating and the reduction of iron ore can reduce direct CO2 emissions by as much as 85%, but would require an H2 procurement cost of $1.63 per kg H2 or less. When using H2 only for iron ore reduction, economic viability is reached at an H2 procurement cost of $1.70 per kg, while achieving a CO2 emission reduction of 76% at the plant site. System design optimization strategies around excess H2 ratios in the DRI top gas and the H2 recycle pressurization can further improve performance and economics. Low H2 excess ratios are particularly attractive as they reduce pre-heating energy requirements and offer integration opportunities with static recycle ejectors if H2 is supplied at sufficiently high pressure. The potential of utilizing the EAF off-gas is shown to be much more synergistic with H2 DRI than NG DRI and can increase the break-even H2 procurement cost by up to 7¢ per kg H2. Such findings are critical for setting technical performance criteria for H2 supply and storage in the iron and steel sector.

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“…Scaling costs to the relevant analysis year can be achieved via Equation (7). To obtain cost estimates at plant scale Equation ( 7) is used.…”

Section: Economicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green steel: design and cost analysis of hydrogen-based direct iron reduction

Rosner

Papadias

Brooks

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This was the most significant effort to date to provide a coordinating platform for many of the already listed initiatives. Following this, there have been several advancements including Germany seeking to form a "climate club" for countries with more industrial decarbonization ambition (Agora [1,12]).…”

Section: Policy Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional uptake of direct reduction iron production using hydrogen under climate policy

Pye

Welsby²,

McDowall³

et al. 2022

Energy and Climate Change

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“…As Hermwille, et al point out, the club offers opportunities for technical cooperation and new public-private partnerships on the decarbonisation of certain key sectors. 44 The club could thus aim to influence demand, similar to the Clean Energy Ministerial's Industrial Deep Decarbonisation Initiative led by the UN Industrial Development Organization ('UNIDO'). 45 The objective is to strengthen publicprivate sector partnerships on industrial decarbonisation.…”

Section: Thinking Of Border Carbon Adjustments As a Steppingstone To ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The European Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism and the path to Sustainable Trade Policies: From ‘Coexistence’ to ‘Cooperation’

LETURCQ¹

2022

Camb. Yearb. Eur. Legal Stud.

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Long examined by the academic literature as a challenging technical-legal fiction with a strong geopolitical impact, border carbon adjustment is on its way to becoming a European reality. This Article provides an overview of the European legislative process with a comparison of the initial Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (‘CBAM’) project presented by the Commission in July 2021 with the positions formalised by the European Parliament and the Council in 2022. With a detour through the doctrine of international law and building upon the work of Professor Thomas Cottier on the concept of Common Concern of Humankind (‘CCH’) in international law, the Article examines the European CBAM, and more broadly, the recent multiplication of unilateral environmental initiatives with extraterritorial impacts, as a contextual transition from a logic of coexistence to a logic of cooperation in the field of environmental policies. It concludes on the necessity to design the European CBAM accordingly, by redistributing its direct revenues and developing open and inclusive cooperation frameworks, to accelerate this transition in the field of industrial decarbonisation.

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A climate club to decarbonize the global steel industry

Cited by 39 publications

References 9 publications

Green steel: design and cost analysis of hydrogen-based direct iron reduction

Green steel: design and cost analysis of hydrogen-based direct iron reduction

Regional uptake of direct reduction iron production using hydrogen under climate policy

The European Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism and the path to Sustainable Trade Policies: From ‘Coexistence’ to ‘Cooperation’

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