A Cluster-Based Operation Model of Aggregated Battery Swapping Stations

Online Station Assignment for Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping

“…Some other work takes the interaction between battery swapping stations and power grids into account. Both Sepetanc and Pandzic et al [14] and Esmaeili et al [15] establish a bi-level framework to capture this interaction. However, the focus is different -Sepetanc and Pandzic [14] models the decision on market participation of aggregated battery swapping stations as the upper level such that they behave strategically to maximize revenue; on the other hand, Esmaeili et al [15] models the grid scheduling as the upper level that anticipates and accounts for the optimal decision making of battery swapping stations.…”

“…Both Sepetanc and Pandzic et al [14] and Esmaeili et al [15] establish a bi-level framework to capture this interaction. However, the focus is different -Sepetanc and Pandzic [14] models the decision on market participation of aggregated battery swapping stations as the upper level such that they behave strategically to maximize revenue; on the other hand, Esmaeili et al [15] models the grid scheduling as the upper level that anticipates and accounts for the optimal decision making of battery swapping stations. Zheng et al [16] focuses on the optimal layout design of battery swapping stations in distribution systems, and a criterion of life cycle cost is used to assess the placement and capacity of stations.…”

Optimal Design for a Shared Swap Charging System Considering the Electric Vehicle Battery Charging Rate

“…To solve the problems above, an increasing number of researchers have focused on deploying EV charging systems, which will significantly shape current EV coverage [10,14]. These infrastructures can generally be divided into three categories [15]: plug-in EVs (PEVs, i.e., slow chargers and fast chargers) [16], wireless charging EVs (WCEVs, i.e., inductive charging during driving) [17,18], and swap charging EVs (SCEVs) [19,20]. Table 1 shows the comparisons between these infrastructures.…”

“…The battery charging dispatch model was set up from the grid side to minimize the total cost (e.g., infrastructure deployment cost [4] and sequential decision cost [26]) while satisfying various physical constraints. Later, an increasing number of researchers began focusing on the transportation side due to the massive traffic issue and then dealt with this SCS as a vehicle routing problem (VRP) [27,36,37], location routing problem (LRP) [3,24,38], or battery dispatch management problem [15,26,29,32,39,40]. In this paper, we propose vehicle routing and battery dispatching as two vital indices for optimizing an SSCS.…”

“…Most previous studies provided only a single battery type (i.e., fully charged battery) [4,36,40], and they only allow depleted batteries to be replaced by a standard SOC battery. However, some researchers have considered providing multi-type batteries, as stated in the references [15,27,29], and the introduction of varying SOC batteries gives more flexibility in optimal applications. Since our SSCS model is based on the battery charging rate, we propose an optimal operation strategy, deploying multi-type batteries simultaneously.…”