A CMOS integrated cell adhesion sensor for lab-on-a-chip applications

P2.1.14 Detection of toxic chromium species in water using cellbased sensor systems

“…In contrast to the other three sensor systems, the cells in the lightaddressable potentiometric sensor system (LAPS) are grown on a membrane, which is placed over the silicon chip. Further information regarding the detailed measurement protocols of the individual devices can be found in references [2][3][4][5]. The cells formed a confluent monolayer within 16-20 hours.…”

“…Several cell-based sensor tools are currently on the market but most of them are originally developed for life science and medical purposes [2][3][4]. Some commercially available systems were tested and compared with novel sensor setups [5] to investigate the usability as environmental sensors. Chromium ions were used as model substances for the evaluation.…”

A critical comparison of cell-based sensor systems for the detection of Cr(VI) in aquatic environment

“…Previous experiments [29] showed that not only the impedance value itself but also the amount of fluctuation in the signals from individual electrodes is an indicator of the cells' vitality and mobility. For an easier and more consistent interpretation of this parameter, it should be quantified in a single number.…”

“…The vitality index already stabilizes at a value around 2 after 10 h, while the absolute frequency continues to rise. The used medium was then exchanged for 2 ml of fresh DMEM, which causes a rise of the average frequency [28,29]. The vitality index does not increase as much except one outlier which is a numerical artifact caused by the sudden jump of the absolute frequencies.…”

“…1b) [28]. The working principle is described elsewhere [29]. In brief, the impedance is measured on 64 gold microelectrodes (area 3 × 10 −5 cm 2 ) by an integrated circuit on the chip.…”