“…On the other hand, by changing the Peltier elements to other thermoelectric modules with a wider temperature difference between the cool and the hot side, characterization of thermophilic enzymes could also be attained, greatly extending the applicability of this module. PCR [38], [22], [23], lab-on-a-disc [24], protein synthesis [21] Thermoelectric modules (TEM) 20 -100 270 -393 PCR [38], [27], [26], thermal management [39] Microwave (MW) heating 5 -30000 298 -368 ms -s PCR [20], Hydrogel polymerization [31], Flow chemistry/drug discovery [29] Infrared (IR) heating 10 -65 298 -368 ms -s PCR [32], [38], [33], Enzyme inactivation [37] Radio-frequency (RF) heating -298 -373 -MHF [34], inactivation of bacteria [36] A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T…”