“…Collaborative operation simulators have been successfully applied to teaching and training in various fields, including medicine [10,11,31,51], manufacturing [3,25,27,28,53,57], construction [2,14,41,54], and energy industry [13,33,44,46]. In the medical field, Chebbi et al [10,31] developed a collaborative virtual haptic surgical training system using a client-server architecture.…”