“…Since TTR was proposed in the 1970s (Szpigel, 1973), most researchers usually establish the integer linear programming model based on train operation constraints in block sections and stations. The main optimization approaches of TTR comprise operational research (Zhu & Goverde, 2021;Zhan et al, 2021;Luan & Corman, 2022;Martin-Iradi & Ropke, 2022), evolutionary algorithms (Han et al, 2021;Tang et al, 2021;Pascariu et al, 2022;Wang et al, 2022b) and reinforcement learning ( Semrov, Marseti c, Zura, Todorovski, & Srdic, 2016;Khadilkar, 2018;Wang, Zhou, Li, Zhang, & Dong, 2019). Operational research can obtain an optimal rescheduling solution with branch and bound rules.…”