“…However, LiNbO 3 single crystals are an attractive piezoelectric and ferroelectric material with excellent piezoelectric, ferroelectric, thermoelectric, nonlinear optical, electro-optical, and acousto-optical properties, and are widely used in modulators, detectors, sensors, integrated optics, nonlinear optics, information storage, and other devices. [12][13][14][15][16] LiNbO 3 single crystals are widely used in optics and are called "optical silicon" owing to their unique electro-optical, acoustic-optical, thermoelectrical, and nonlinear optical properties. 17 Meanwhile, LiNbO 3 is widely used in the preparation of acoustic surface wave and bulk acoustic wave devices because of its high-quality factors and large electromechanical coupling coefficient.…”