A comparative analysis of the chemical nature of defensive secretions of Gonyleptidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores)

Hara, Marcos Ryotaro; Cavalheiro, Alberto José; Gnaspini, Pedro; Santos, Déborah Yara Alves Cursino dos

doi:10.1016/j.bse.2005.07.012

Cited by 50 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…This suggests that these compounds might not be especially useful for distinguishing phylogenetic relationships among taxa in Gonyleptidae. The composition of the defensive secretion of D. pectinifemur is congruent with those already described for the clade that includes Discocyrtus ("Pachylinae 4" in Hara et al 2005), also corroborated by Rocha et al 2013. Use of 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone is particularly widespread in Gonyleptidae Hara et al 2005), and it often co-occurs with 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-hydroquinone (Gnaspini and Hara 2007;Wouters 2011), as for D. pectinifemur.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…The composition of the defensive secretion of D. pectinifemur is congruent with those already described for the clade that includes Discocyrtus ("Pachylinae 4" in Hara et al 2005), also corroborated by Rocha et al 2013. Use of 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone is particularly widespread in Gonyleptidae Hara et al 2005), and it often co-occurs with 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-hydroquinone (Gnaspini and Hara 2007;Wouters 2011), as for D. pectinifemur. According to Wouters (2011) and Rocha et al (2013), the co-occurrence of both compounds might be due to 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-hydroquinone being a precursor of 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…So far, only cryptogeobiids and phalangodids seem to produce a single phenolic compound (Hara et al 2005;Machado and Pomini 2008;Shear et al 2010) as a defensive secretion, although these data could be artifacts of the methods used. In light of these data, the production of a single phenolic compound may be considered a homoplasy above family level, and possibly a putative synapomorphy for each group at family level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Harvestmen defensive secretions may be composed of methyl ketones, naphtoquinones, benzoquinones, and phenols among other chemicals (e.g., Hara et al 2005;Jones et al 2009;Raspotnig et al 2005Raspotnig et al , 2010Raspotnig et al , 2014aWouters et al 2013). Although these chemicals can repel some predators (Eisner et al 2004;Machado et al 2005), defensive secretions are not always used against all predators (see Carvalho et al 2012;Dias and Willemart 2013;Dias et al 2014;Eisner et al 2004;Souza and Willemart 2011;Segovia et al 2015b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Scent Glands of the Neotropical Harvestman Discocyrtus pectnifemur: Morphology, Behavior and Chemistry

et al. 2015

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Harvestmen have a pair of scent glands that open through ozopores. The literature suggests a link between the morphology of the ozopore area and the emission of a defensive secretion. A previous study on a species that aggregates in open areas, where individuals are probably more easily spotted by predators, showed that this defensive secretion causes conspecifics to flee. However, it is unknown whether this behavior occurs in species that aggregate in sheltered areas, where prey are harder to find. Herein, we describe the morphology of the ozopore area, the mode of emission of the defensive secretion, and its chemical composition in the harvestman Discocyrtus pectinifemur. We also tested if the defensive secretion is used as an alarm pheromone. We found that D. pectinifemur releases the defensive secretion in different ways, one of them being as a jet. Emission as a jet contrasts with that known for all congeners previously studied, and is in accord with the expected morphology of the ozopore. We found that the defensive secretion of D. pectinifemur does not function as an alarm pheromone. The composition of the defensive secretion, a mixture of quinones, is congruent with those already described for the clade that includes Discocyrtus. Our results support the link between the morphology of the scent glands area and the emission behavior of the defensive secretion, and they suggest that the alarm pheromone function in harvestmen may be dependent on ecological factors.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Scent Glands of the Neotropical Harvestman Discocyrtus pectnifemur: Morphology, Behavior and Chemistry

et al. 2015

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“…Ekpa et al (1984) registraram em Sclerobunus robustus, espécie da família Triaenonychidae, a ocorrência de substâncias que divergem do que se sabe que muitos outros opiliões produzem, tais como bornil-propionato, bornil-acetato, feniltilamina, nicotina e traços de limoneno e canfeno. Hara et al (2005) realizaram extensa análise da composição química das secreções de defesa de 22 espécies pertencentes à família Gonyleptidae, identificando 19 novos compostos químicos para o grupo.…”

Section: Travunioidea E Triaenonychoidea Representam Os Insidiatoresunclassified

Estudo comparado da morfologia da região do ozóporo de opiliões Laniatores (Arachnida, Opiliones)

Rodrigues¹

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Interspecific, ontogenetic, and sexual variation in ozopore morphology among cosmetid harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores)

Townsend

Teevan‐Kamhawi²,

Calpo³

2019

Journal of Morphology

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The ozopores of cosmetid harvestmen rest upon lateral projections of the carapace, have simple or highly reduced channels, and are partially obscured by enlarged dorsal processes associated with coxae I and II. Rather than use scent gland secretions to form a chemical shield on the dorsum, the cosmetid harvestman exhibits a unique defensive behavior known as “leg dabbing” in which the distal tip of tarsus I or II is dipped into fluid that accumulate at the base of coxa II and the droplet on the tarsus is pointed toward the predator. Relatively little is known about interspecific variation in ozopore morphology among cosmetid harvestmen. In this study, we used scanning electron microscopy to examine the ozopores of males and females of nine species as well as those of antepenultimate nymphs for two species. Among adults, we found differences between species in the shapes of the ozopores (round or subtriangular), the morphology of the dorsal and lateral channels (if present), and the relative size, shape and armature of the dorsal posterior process (dpp) of coxa I and the dorsal anterior process (dap) of coxa II. Our observations suggest that the morphology of dpp I and dap II could be sources for systematic characters in future phylogenetic studies of the Cosmetidae. We observed ontogenetic differences but relatively little intersexual variation in the morphology of the ozopore. The ozopores of nymphs are generally more oval than those of adults and the opening of the ozopore of the nymph is less obstructed, if at all, by the dorsal coxal processes of legs I–II. These morphological differences suggest that nymphs may use scent gland secretions in a manner different from that of adults.

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A comparative analysis of the chemical nature of defensive secretions of Gonyleptidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores)

Cited by 50 publications

References 16 publications

The Scent Glands of the Neotropical Harvestman Discocyrtus pectnifemur: Morphology, Behavior and Chemistry

The Scent Glands of the Neotropical Harvestman Discocyrtus pectnifemur: Morphology, Behavior and Chemistry

Estudo comparado da morfologia da região do ozóporo de opiliões Laniatores (Arachnida, Opiliones)

Interspecific, ontogenetic, and sexual variation in ozopore morphology among cosmetid harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores)

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