1463-6395 10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00341.xWillemart, R. H., Farine, J.-P. and Gnaspini, P. 2008. Sensory biology of Phalangida harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones): a review, with new morphological data on 18 species. 2014Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 90: 2092013227 Phalangida includes three of the four suborders of Opiliones (Arachnida): Eupnoi, Dyspnoi and Laniatores. We review the literature on the sensory structures and capabilities of Phalangida, provide new morphological data for 18 species and discuss the 11 sensory structures that have been described in the group. Based on the published data encompassing both behaviour and morphology, three conclusions are apparent: (1) species of Phalangida appear to have limited abilities to detect stimuli at a distance; (2) close range olfaction probably helps to find foods with strong odours, but (3) they appear to be highly dependent on contact chemoreception to detect live prey, predators and mates. We also highlight the fact that legs I in the three suborders and pedipalps in Dyspnoi and Eupnoi are very important sensory appendages, thus legs II should not be called the 'sensory appendages' of harvestmen. In conclusion, we highlight the fact that the sensory capabilities, diet, prey capturing and handling ability, and foraging behaviour of species of Phalangida seem to be different from those of most other arachnids. Finally, we suggest future directions for studies in the field of the sensory system of the group

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Cholevinae are well founded as a monophylum, but their internal phylogenetic relationships constitute a matter of longstanding dispute. The morphology has been the main source of information in most available phylogenetic studies on the subfamily. Most of the characters used, however, were limited to easily visible external structures and genitalia. Here we investigate the informative power of an unexplored character system for the higher-level systematics of Cholevinae: the morphology of the pretarsus and distal margin of the terminal tarsomere. We analysed and documented these structures in representatives of the five most species-rich tribes of Cholevinae (encompassing 13 subtribes) using scanning electron microscopy. We identified several diagnostic features and recognize potential synapomorphies at the tribal, subtribal and generic levels. The architecture of the median and empodial sclerites (including the empodial setae), the shape and composition of the medial projection of the distal margin of the terminal tarsomere, and the armature of the claws were considered a promising source of information for delimiting tribes and subtribes. Our data challenge the traditional view of a close proximity of Eucatopini and Ptomaphagini as well as a previously suggested synapomorphy of Leptodirini, and reinforce the monophyly of Ptomaphagini. This contribution is one of the rare comparative studies on the coleopteran pretarsus and one of very few evaluating the systematic usefulness of the distal margin of the terminal tarsomere in insects. 392

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